The Impact of Crystal Light Yield Non-Proportionality on a Typical Calorimetric Space Experiment: Beam Test Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations
Calorimetric space experiments were employed for the direct measurements of cosmic-ray spectra above the TeV region. According to several theoretical models and recent measurements, relevant features in both electron and nucleus fluxes are expected. Unfortunately, sizable disagreements among the cur...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-09-01
|
| Series: | Instruments |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2410-390X/6/4/53 |
| _version_ | 1827638393657360384 |
|---|---|
| author | Lorenzo Pacini Oscar Adriani Eugenio Berti Pietro Betti Gabriele Bigongiari Lorenzo Bonechi Massimo Bongi Sergio Bottai Paolo Brogi Guido Castellini Caterina Checchia Raffaello D’Alessandro Sebastiano Detti Noemi Finetti Paolo Maestro Pier Simone Marrocchesi Nicola Mori Miriam Olmi Paolo Papini Claudia Poggiali Sergio Ricciarini Piero Spillantini Oleksandr Starodubtsev Francesco Stolzi Alessio Tiberio Elena Vannuccini |
| author_facet | Lorenzo Pacini Oscar Adriani Eugenio Berti Pietro Betti Gabriele Bigongiari Lorenzo Bonechi Massimo Bongi Sergio Bottai Paolo Brogi Guido Castellini Caterina Checchia Raffaello D’Alessandro Sebastiano Detti Noemi Finetti Paolo Maestro Pier Simone Marrocchesi Nicola Mori Miriam Olmi Paolo Papini Claudia Poggiali Sergio Ricciarini Piero Spillantini Oleksandr Starodubtsev Francesco Stolzi Alessio Tiberio Elena Vannuccini |
| author_sort | Lorenzo Pacini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Calorimetric space experiments were employed for the direct measurements of cosmic-ray spectra above the TeV region. According to several theoretical models and recent measurements, relevant features in both electron and nucleus fluxes are expected. Unfortunately, sizable disagreements among the current results of different space calorimeters exist. In order to improve the accuracy of future experiments, it is fundamental to understand the reasons of these discrepancies, especially since they are not compatible with the quoted experimental errors. A few articles of different collaborations suggest that a systematic error of a few percentage points related to the energy-scale calibration could explain these differences. In this work, we analyze the impact of the nonproportionality of the light yield of scintillating crystals on the energy scale of typical calorimeters. Space calorimeters are usually calibrated by employing minimal ionizing particles (MIPs), e.g., nonshowering proton or helium nuclei, which feature different ionization density distributions with respect to particles included in showers. By using the experimental data obtained by the CaloCube collaboration and a minimalist model of the light yield as a function of the ionization density, several scintillating crystals (BGO, CsI(Tl), LYSO, YAP, YAG and BaF2) are characterized. Then, the response of a few crystals is implemented inside the Monte Carlo simulation of a space calorimeter to check the energy deposited by electromagnetic and hadronic showers. The results of this work show that the energy scale obtained by MIP calibration could be affected by sizable systematic errors if the nonproportionality of scintillation light is not properly taken into account. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:16:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-693837ba6d1f4bf5963e2e71d0ff9263 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2410-390X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:16:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Instruments |
| spelling | doaj.art-693837ba6d1f4bf5963e2e71d0ff92632023-11-24T15:40:40ZengMDPI AGInstruments2410-390X2022-09-01645310.3390/instruments6040053The Impact of Crystal Light Yield Non-Proportionality on a Typical Calorimetric Space Experiment: Beam Test Measurements and Monte Carlo SimulationsLorenzo Pacini0Oscar Adriani1Eugenio Berti2Pietro Betti3Gabriele Bigongiari4Lorenzo Bonechi5Massimo Bongi6Sergio Bottai7Paolo Brogi8Guido Castellini9Caterina Checchia10Raffaello D’Alessandro11Sebastiano Detti12Noemi Finetti13Paolo Maestro14Pier Simone Marrocchesi15Nicola Mori16Miriam Olmi17Paolo Papini18Claudia Poggiali19Sergio Ricciarini20Piero Spillantini21Oleksandr Starodubtsev22Francesco Stolzi23Alessio Tiberio24Elena Vannuccini25INFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyINFN Firenze, Via B. Rossi 1, I-50019 Firenze, ItalyCalorimetric space experiments were employed for the direct measurements of cosmic-ray spectra above the TeV region. According to several theoretical models and recent measurements, relevant features in both electron and nucleus fluxes are expected. Unfortunately, sizable disagreements among the current results of different space calorimeters exist. In order to improve the accuracy of future experiments, it is fundamental to understand the reasons of these discrepancies, especially since they are not compatible with the quoted experimental errors. A few articles of different collaborations suggest that a systematic error of a few percentage points related to the energy-scale calibration could explain these differences. In this work, we analyze the impact of the nonproportionality of the light yield of scintillating crystals on the energy scale of typical calorimeters. Space calorimeters are usually calibrated by employing minimal ionizing particles (MIPs), e.g., nonshowering proton or helium nuclei, which feature different ionization density distributions with respect to particles included in showers. By using the experimental data obtained by the CaloCube collaboration and a minimalist model of the light yield as a function of the ionization density, several scintillating crystals (BGO, CsI(Tl), LYSO, YAP, YAG and BaF2) are characterized. Then, the response of a few crystals is implemented inside the Monte Carlo simulation of a space calorimeter to check the energy deposited by electromagnetic and hadronic showers. The results of this work show that the energy scale obtained by MIP calibration could be affected by sizable systematic errors if the nonproportionality of scintillation light is not properly taken into account.https://www.mdpi.com/2410-390X/6/4/53cosmic rayscalorimetryscintillationlight yield |
| spellingShingle | Lorenzo Pacini Oscar Adriani Eugenio Berti Pietro Betti Gabriele Bigongiari Lorenzo Bonechi Massimo Bongi Sergio Bottai Paolo Brogi Guido Castellini Caterina Checchia Raffaello D’Alessandro Sebastiano Detti Noemi Finetti Paolo Maestro Pier Simone Marrocchesi Nicola Mori Miriam Olmi Paolo Papini Claudia Poggiali Sergio Ricciarini Piero Spillantini Oleksandr Starodubtsev Francesco Stolzi Alessio Tiberio Elena Vannuccini The Impact of Crystal Light Yield Non-Proportionality on a Typical Calorimetric Space Experiment: Beam Test Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations Instruments cosmic rays calorimetry scintillation light yield |
| title | The Impact of Crystal Light Yield Non-Proportionality on a Typical Calorimetric Space Experiment: Beam Test Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_full | The Impact of Crystal Light Yield Non-Proportionality on a Typical Calorimetric Space Experiment: Beam Test Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Crystal Light Yield Non-Proportionality on a Typical Calorimetric Space Experiment: Beam Test Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Crystal Light Yield Non-Proportionality on a Typical Calorimetric Space Experiment: Beam Test Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_short | The Impact of Crystal Light Yield Non-Proportionality on a Typical Calorimetric Space Experiment: Beam Test Measurements and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_sort | impact of crystal light yield non proportionality on a typical calorimetric space experiment beam test measurements and monte carlo simulations |
| topic | cosmic rays calorimetry scintillation light yield |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2410-390X/6/4/53 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lorenzopacini theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT oscaradriani theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT eugenioberti theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT pietrobetti theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT gabrielebigongiari theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT lorenzobonechi theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT massimobongi theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT sergiobottai theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT paolobrogi theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT guidocastellini theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT caterinachecchia theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT raffaellodalessandro theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT sebastianodetti theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT noemifinetti theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT paolomaestro theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT piersimonemarrocchesi theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT nicolamori theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT miriamolmi theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT paolopapini theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT claudiapoggiali theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT sergioricciarini theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT pierospillantini theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT oleksandrstarodubtsev theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT francescostolzi theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT alessiotiberio theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT elenavannuccini theimpactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT lorenzopacini impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT oscaradriani impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT eugenioberti impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT pietrobetti impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT gabrielebigongiari impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT lorenzobonechi impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT massimobongi impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT sergiobottai impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT paolobrogi impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT guidocastellini impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT caterinachecchia impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT raffaellodalessandro impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT sebastianodetti impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT noemifinetti impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT paolomaestro impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT piersimonemarrocchesi impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT nicolamori impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT miriamolmi impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT paolopapini impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT claudiapoggiali impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT sergioricciarini impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT pierospillantini impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT oleksandrstarodubtsev impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT francescostolzi impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT alessiotiberio impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations AT elenavannuccini impactofcrystallightyieldnonproportionalityonatypicalcalorimetricspaceexperimentbeamtestmeasurementsandmontecarlosimulations |