Interannual Variability of Air Temperature over Myanmar: The Influence of ENSO and IOD
Myanmar is located in a tropical region where temperature rises very fast and hence is highly vulnerable to climate change. The high variability of the air temperature poses potential risks to the local community. Thus, the current study uses 42 synoptic meteorological stations to assess the spatiot...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Climate |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/9/2/35 |
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| author | Zin Mie Mie Sein Irfan Ullah Sidra Syed Xiefei Zhi Kamran Azam Ghulam Rasool |
| author_facet | Zin Mie Mie Sein Irfan Ullah Sidra Syed Xiefei Zhi Kamran Azam Ghulam Rasool |
| author_sort | Zin Mie Mie Sein |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Myanmar is located in a tropical region where temperature rises very fast and hence is highly vulnerable to climate change. The high variability of the air temperature poses potential risks to the local community. Thus, the current study uses 42 synoptic meteorological stations to assess the spatiotemporal changes in air temperature over Myanmar during 1971–2013. The nonparametric sequential Mann-Kendall (SqMK), linear regression, empirical orthogonal function (EOF), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and composite analysis were used to assess the long-term trends in maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature series and their possible mechanism over the study region. The results indicate that the trend of Tmax has significantly increased at the rates of 90% in summer season, while the Tmin revealed a substantial positive trend in winter season time series with the magnitude of 30%, respectively. Moreover, during a rapid change of climate (1995–2013) we observed an air temperature increase of 0.7 °C. The spatial distributions of EOF revealed relatively warmer temperatures over the whole region except the south in the summer; however, a similar pattern can be seen for the rainy season and winter, implying warming in the central part and cooling in the northern and southern parts. Furthermore, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) influence on air temperature over Myanmar is more prevalent than that of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The result implies that the positive phase of the IOD and negative phase of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI; El Niño) events led to the higher temperature, resulting in intense climatic extremes (i.e., droughts and heatwaves) over the target region. Therefore, this study’s findings can help policymakers and decision-makers improve economic growth, agricultural production, ecology, water resource management, and preserving the natural habitat in the target region. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:40:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6948fb62334e457aa0a6f0761dc045cb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2225-1154 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:40:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Climate |
| spelling | doaj.art-6948fb62334e457aa0a6f0761dc045cb2023-12-11T17:51:08ZengMDPI AGClimate2225-11542021-02-01923510.3390/cli9020035Interannual Variability of Air Temperature over Myanmar: The Influence of ENSO and IODZin Mie Mie Sein0Irfan Ullah1Sidra Syed2Xiefei Zhi3Kamran Azam4Ghulam Rasool5Binjiang College, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi 214105, ChinaSchool of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, ChinaInstitute of Peace and Conflicts Studies, University of Peshawar, 25000 Peshawar, PakistanKey Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaDepartment of Management Sciences, University of Haripur, 22780 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanBinjiang College, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi 214105, ChinaMyanmar is located in a tropical region where temperature rises very fast and hence is highly vulnerable to climate change. The high variability of the air temperature poses potential risks to the local community. Thus, the current study uses 42 synoptic meteorological stations to assess the spatiotemporal changes in air temperature over Myanmar during 1971–2013. The nonparametric sequential Mann-Kendall (SqMK), linear regression, empirical orthogonal function (EOF), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and composite analysis were used to assess the long-term trends in maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature series and their possible mechanism over the study region. The results indicate that the trend of Tmax has significantly increased at the rates of 90% in summer season, while the Tmin revealed a substantial positive trend in winter season time series with the magnitude of 30%, respectively. Moreover, during a rapid change of climate (1995–2013) we observed an air temperature increase of 0.7 °C. The spatial distributions of EOF revealed relatively warmer temperatures over the whole region except the south in the summer; however, a similar pattern can be seen for the rainy season and winter, implying warming in the central part and cooling in the northern and southern parts. Furthermore, the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) influence on air temperature over Myanmar is more prevalent than that of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The result implies that the positive phase of the IOD and negative phase of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI; El Niño) events led to the higher temperature, resulting in intense climatic extremes (i.e., droughts and heatwaves) over the target region. Therefore, this study’s findings can help policymakers and decision-makers improve economic growth, agricultural production, ecology, water resource management, and preserving the natural habitat in the target region.https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/9/2/35air temperatureinterannual variabilityENSOIODMyanmar |
| spellingShingle | Zin Mie Mie Sein Irfan Ullah Sidra Syed Xiefei Zhi Kamran Azam Ghulam Rasool Interannual Variability of Air Temperature over Myanmar: The Influence of ENSO and IOD Climate air temperature interannual variability ENSO IOD Myanmar |
| title | Interannual Variability of Air Temperature over Myanmar: The Influence of ENSO and IOD |
| title_full | Interannual Variability of Air Temperature over Myanmar: The Influence of ENSO and IOD |
| title_fullStr | Interannual Variability of Air Temperature over Myanmar: The Influence of ENSO and IOD |
| title_full_unstemmed | Interannual Variability of Air Temperature over Myanmar: The Influence of ENSO and IOD |
| title_short | Interannual Variability of Air Temperature over Myanmar: The Influence of ENSO and IOD |
| title_sort | interannual variability of air temperature over myanmar the influence of enso and iod |
| topic | air temperature interannual variability ENSO IOD Myanmar |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/9/2/35 |
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