An In-depth Look at TOI-3884b: A Super-Neptune Transiting an M4Dwarf with Persistent Starspot Crossings
We perform an in-depth analysis of the recently validated TOI-3884 system, an M4-dwarf star with a transiting super-Neptune. Using high-precision light curves obtained with the 3.5 m Apache Point Observatory and radial velocity observations with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we derive a planetar...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astronomical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/accc2f |
| _version_ | 1827827261993123840 |
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| author | Jessica E. Libby-Roberts Maria Schutte Leslie Hebb Shubham Kanodia Caleb I. Cañas Guðmundur Stefánsson Andrea S. J. Lin Suvrath Mahadevan Winter Parts(they/them) Luke Powers John Wisniewski Chad F. Bender William D. Cochran Scott A. Diddams Mark E. Everett Arvind F. Gupta Samuel Halverson Henry A. Kobulnicky Adam F. Kowalski Alexander Larsen Andrew Monson Joe P. Ninan Brock A. Parker Lawrence W. Ramsey Paul Robertson Christian Schwab Tera N. Swaby Ryan C. Terrien |
| author_facet | Jessica E. Libby-Roberts Maria Schutte Leslie Hebb Shubham Kanodia Caleb I. Cañas Guðmundur Stefánsson Andrea S. J. Lin Suvrath Mahadevan Winter Parts(they/them) Luke Powers John Wisniewski Chad F. Bender William D. Cochran Scott A. Diddams Mark E. Everett Arvind F. Gupta Samuel Halverson Henry A. Kobulnicky Adam F. Kowalski Alexander Larsen Andrew Monson Joe P. Ninan Brock A. Parker Lawrence W. Ramsey Paul Robertson Christian Schwab Tera N. Swaby Ryan C. Terrien |
| author_sort | Jessica E. Libby-Roberts |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We perform an in-depth analysis of the recently validated TOI-3884 system, an M4-dwarf star with a transiting super-Neptune. Using high-precision light curves obtained with the 3.5 m Apache Point Observatory and radial velocity observations with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we derive a planetary mass of ${32.6}_{-7.4}^{+7.3}\,{M}_{\oplus }$ and radius of 6.4 ± 0.2 R _⊕ . We detect a distinct starspot crossing event occurring just after ingress and spanning half the transit for every transit. We determine this spot feature to be wavelength dependent with the amplitude and duration evolving slightly over time. Best-fit starspot models show that TOI-3884b possesses a misaligned ( λ = 75° ± 10°) orbit that crosses a giant pole spot. This system presents a rare opportunity for studies into the nature of both a misaligned super-Neptune and spot evolution on an active mid-M dwarf. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:25:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6952be97f23c4076a6a8f5286446e7d9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:25:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astronomical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-6952be97f23c4076a6a8f5286446e7d92023-09-03T13:41:59ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812023-01-01165624910.3847/1538-3881/accc2fAn In-depth Look at TOI-3884b: A Super-Neptune Transiting an M4Dwarf with Persistent Starspot CrossingsJessica E. Libby-Roberts0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-7613Maria Schutte1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-130XLeslie Hebb2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-8637Shubham Kanodia3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8401-4300Caleb I. Cañas4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4835-0619Guðmundur Stefánsson5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7409-5688Andrea S. J. Lin6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-6337Suvrath Mahadevan7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9596-7983Winter Parts(they/them)8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7142-2997Luke Powers9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5300-5353John Wisniewski10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9209-1808Chad F. Bender11https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4384-7220William D. Cochran12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9662-3496Scott A. Diddams13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-0764Mark E. Everett14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-7215Arvind F. Gupta15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5463-9980Samuel Halverson16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1312-9391Henry A. Kobulnicky17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-4176Adam F. Kowalski18https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-1176Alexander Larsen19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2401-8411Andrew Monson20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-2586Joe P. Ninan21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8720-5612Brock A. Parker22https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9307-8170Lawrence W. Ramsey23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4289-7958Paul Robertson24https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-9678Christian Schwab25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-987XTera N. Swaby26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5817-202XRyan C. Terrien27https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4788-8858Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USAHomer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma , 440 W. Brooks Street, Norman, OK 73019, USAPhysics Department, Hobart and William Smith Colleges , 300 Pulteney Street, Geneva, NY 14456, USA; Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , 245 East Avenue, Ithaca, NY 14850, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Earth and Planets Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USADepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , SwitzerlandDepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, George Mason University , 4400 University Drive, MS 3F3, Fairfax, VA 22030, USASteward Observatory, The University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMcDonald Observatory and Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USA; Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USAElectrical, Computer & Energy Engineering, University of Colorado , 425 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USANSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USAJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82070, USANational Solar Observatory, University of Colorado Boulder , 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, 2000 Colorado Avenue, CO 80305, USA; Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder , 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82070, USASteward Observatory, The University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, IndiaDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82070, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; jer5346@psu.edu; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA 92697, USASchool of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University , Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, AustraliaDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY 82070, USACarleton College , One North College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, USAWe perform an in-depth analysis of the recently validated TOI-3884 system, an M4-dwarf star with a transiting super-Neptune. Using high-precision light curves obtained with the 3.5 m Apache Point Observatory and radial velocity observations with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we derive a planetary mass of ${32.6}_{-7.4}^{+7.3}\,{M}_{\oplus }$ and radius of 6.4 ± 0.2 R _⊕ . We detect a distinct starspot crossing event occurring just after ingress and spanning half the transit for every transit. We determine this spot feature to be wavelength dependent with the amplitude and duration evolving slightly over time. Best-fit starspot models show that TOI-3884b possesses a misaligned ( λ = 75° ± 10°) orbit that crosses a giant pole spot. This system presents a rare opportunity for studies into the nature of both a misaligned super-Neptune and spot evolution on an active mid-M dwarf.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/accc2fExoplanet astronomyExoplanetsExoplanet detection methodsStarspots |
| spellingShingle | Jessica E. Libby-Roberts Maria Schutte Leslie Hebb Shubham Kanodia Caleb I. Cañas Guðmundur Stefánsson Andrea S. J. Lin Suvrath Mahadevan Winter Parts(they/them) Luke Powers John Wisniewski Chad F. Bender William D. Cochran Scott A. Diddams Mark E. Everett Arvind F. Gupta Samuel Halverson Henry A. Kobulnicky Adam F. Kowalski Alexander Larsen Andrew Monson Joe P. Ninan Brock A. Parker Lawrence W. Ramsey Paul Robertson Christian Schwab Tera N. Swaby Ryan C. Terrien An In-depth Look at TOI-3884b: A Super-Neptune Transiting an M4Dwarf with Persistent Starspot Crossings The Astronomical Journal Exoplanet astronomy Exoplanets Exoplanet detection methods Starspots |
| title | An In-depth Look at TOI-3884b: A Super-Neptune Transiting an M4Dwarf with Persistent Starspot Crossings |
| title_full | An In-depth Look at TOI-3884b: A Super-Neptune Transiting an M4Dwarf with Persistent Starspot Crossings |
| title_fullStr | An In-depth Look at TOI-3884b: A Super-Neptune Transiting an M4Dwarf with Persistent Starspot Crossings |
| title_full_unstemmed | An In-depth Look at TOI-3884b: A Super-Neptune Transiting an M4Dwarf with Persistent Starspot Crossings |
| title_short | An In-depth Look at TOI-3884b: A Super-Neptune Transiting an M4Dwarf with Persistent Starspot Crossings |
| title_sort | in depth look at toi 3884b a super neptune transiting an m4dwarf with persistent starspot crossings |
| topic | Exoplanet astronomy Exoplanets Exoplanet detection methods Starspots |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/accc2f |
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