Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis
Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS are capable of oxidizing proteins, pigments, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cell molecules, disrupting their functional activity. During the process of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/11/2014 |
| _version_ | 1797460331814977536 |
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| author | Natalia N. Rudenko Daria V. Vetoshkina Tatiana V. Marenkova Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina |
| author_facet | Natalia N. Rudenko Daria V. Vetoshkina Tatiana V. Marenkova Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina |
| author_sort | Natalia N. Rudenko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS are capable of oxidizing proteins, pigments, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cell molecules, disrupting their functional activity. During the process of evolution, numerous antioxidant systems were formed in plants, including antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight non-enzymatic antioxidants. Antioxidant systems perform neutralization of ROS and therefore prevent oxidative damage of cell components. In the present review, we focus on the biosynthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plants cells such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, flavonoids, isoprenoids, carotenoids, tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinone, and plastoquinone. Their functioning and their reactivity with respect to individual ROS will be described. This review is also devoted to the modern genetic engineering methods, which are widely used to change the quantitative and qualitative content of the non-enzymatic antioxidants in cultivated plants. These methods allow various plant lines with given properties to be obtained in a rather short time. The most successful approaches for plant transgenesis and plant genome editing for the enhancement of biosynthesis and the content of these antioxidants are discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:04:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6958d99ffa4246088adfc3456c76a502 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:04:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-6958d99ffa4246088adfc3456c76a5022023-11-24T14:26:05ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212023-11-011211201410.3390/antiox12112014Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their BiosynthesisNatalia N. Rudenko0Daria V. Vetoshkina1Tatiana V. Marenkova2Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina3Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, RussiaInstitute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, RussiaFederal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, RussiaInstitute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, RussiaPlants are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS are capable of oxidizing proteins, pigments, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cell molecules, disrupting their functional activity. During the process of evolution, numerous antioxidant systems were formed in plants, including antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight non-enzymatic antioxidants. Antioxidant systems perform neutralization of ROS and therefore prevent oxidative damage of cell components. In the present review, we focus on the biosynthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plants cells such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, flavonoids, isoprenoids, carotenoids, tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinone, and plastoquinone. Their functioning and their reactivity with respect to individual ROS will be described. This review is also devoted to the modern genetic engineering methods, which are widely used to change the quantitative and qualitative content of the non-enzymatic antioxidants in cultivated plants. These methods allow various plant lines with given properties to be obtained in a rather short time. The most successful approaches for plant transgenesis and plant genome editing for the enhancement of biosynthesis and the content of these antioxidants are discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/11/2014higher plantsreactive oxygen speciesantioxidantsisoprenoidsplastoquinonecarotenoids |
| spellingShingle | Natalia N. Rudenko Daria V. Vetoshkina Tatiana V. Marenkova Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis Antioxidants higher plants reactive oxygen species antioxidants isoprenoids plastoquinone carotenoids |
| title | Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis |
| title_full | Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis |
| title_fullStr | Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis |
| title_short | Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis |
| title_sort | antioxidants of non enzymatic nature their function in higher plant cells and the ways of boosting their biosynthesis |
| topic | higher plants reactive oxygen species antioxidants isoprenoids plastoquinone carotenoids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/11/2014 |
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