Elderberry Extracts: Characterization of the Polyphenolic Chemical Composition, Quality Consistency, Safety, Adulteration, and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Health Disorders
Elderberry is highly reputed for its health-improving effects. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that the consumption of berries is linked to enhancing human health and preventing or delaying the onset of chronic medical conditions. Compared with other fruit, elderberry is a very rich source of a...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3148 |
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| author | Ahmed G. Osman Bharathi Avula Kumar Katragunta Zulfiqar Ali Amar G. Chittiboyina Ikhlas A. Khan |
| author_facet | Ahmed G. Osman Bharathi Avula Kumar Katragunta Zulfiqar Ali Amar G. Chittiboyina Ikhlas A. Khan |
| author_sort | Ahmed G. Osman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Elderberry is highly reputed for its health-improving effects. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that the consumption of berries is linked to enhancing human health and preventing or delaying the onset of chronic medical conditions. Compared with other fruit, elderberry is a very rich source of anthocyanins (approximately 80% of the polyphenol content). These polyphenols are the principals that essentially contribute to the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities and the health benefits of elderberry fruit extract. These health effects include attenuation of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders, as well as anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and immuno-stimulatory effects. Sales of elderberry supplements skyrocketed to $320 million over the year 2020, according to an American Botanical Council (ABC) report, which is attributable to the purported immune-enhancing effects of elderberry. In the current review, the chemical composition of the polyphenolic content of the European elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) and the American elderberry (<i>Sambucus canadensis</i>), as well as the analytical techniques employed to analyze, characterize, and ascertain the chemical consistency will be addressed. Further, the factors that influence the consistency of the polyphenolic chemical composition, and hence, the consistency of the health benefits of elderberry extracts will be presented. Additionally, adulteration and safety as factors contributing to consistency will be covered. The role of elderberry in enhancing human health alone with the pharmacological basis, the cellular pathways, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed health benefits of elderberry fruit extracts will be also reviewed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:29:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-696c2ae282a545e1acd777123ad1c2de |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:29:43Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-696c2ae282a545e1acd777123ad1c2de2023-11-17T17:14:12ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-03-01287314810.3390/molecules28073148Elderberry Extracts: Characterization of the Polyphenolic Chemical Composition, Quality Consistency, Safety, Adulteration, and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Health DisordersAhmed G. Osman0Bharathi Avula1Kumar Katragunta2Zulfiqar Ali3Amar G. Chittiboyina4Ikhlas A. Khan5National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USANational Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USANational Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USANational Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USANational Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USANational Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USAElderberry is highly reputed for its health-improving effects. Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that the consumption of berries is linked to enhancing human health and preventing or delaying the onset of chronic medical conditions. Compared with other fruit, elderberry is a very rich source of anthocyanins (approximately 80% of the polyphenol content). These polyphenols are the principals that essentially contribute to the high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities and the health benefits of elderberry fruit extract. These health effects include attenuation of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders, as well as anti-diabetic, anticancer, antiviral, and immuno-stimulatory effects. Sales of elderberry supplements skyrocketed to $320 million over the year 2020, according to an American Botanical Council (ABC) report, which is attributable to the purported immune-enhancing effects of elderberry. In the current review, the chemical composition of the polyphenolic content of the European elderberry (<i>Sambucus nigra</i>) and the American elderberry (<i>Sambucus canadensis</i>), as well as the analytical techniques employed to analyze, characterize, and ascertain the chemical consistency will be addressed. Further, the factors that influence the consistency of the polyphenolic chemical composition, and hence, the consistency of the health benefits of elderberry extracts will be presented. Additionally, adulteration and safety as factors contributing to consistency will be covered. The role of elderberry in enhancing human health alone with the pharmacological basis, the cellular pathways, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed health benefits of elderberry fruit extracts will be also reviewed.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3148<i>Sambucus nigra</i><i>Sambucus canadensis</i>extractselderberry fruitchemical compositionanalytical techniques |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed G. Osman Bharathi Avula Kumar Katragunta Zulfiqar Ali Amar G. Chittiboyina Ikhlas A. Khan Elderberry Extracts: Characterization of the Polyphenolic Chemical Composition, Quality Consistency, Safety, Adulteration, and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Health Disorders Molecules <i>Sambucus nigra</i> <i>Sambucus canadensis</i> extracts elderberry fruit chemical composition analytical techniques |
| title | Elderberry Extracts: Characterization of the Polyphenolic Chemical Composition, Quality Consistency, Safety, Adulteration, and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Health Disorders |
| title_full | Elderberry Extracts: Characterization of the Polyphenolic Chemical Composition, Quality Consistency, Safety, Adulteration, and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Health Disorders |
| title_fullStr | Elderberry Extracts: Characterization of the Polyphenolic Chemical Composition, Quality Consistency, Safety, Adulteration, and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Health Disorders |
| title_full_unstemmed | Elderberry Extracts: Characterization of the Polyphenolic Chemical Composition, Quality Consistency, Safety, Adulteration, and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Health Disorders |
| title_short | Elderberry Extracts: Characterization of the Polyphenolic Chemical Composition, Quality Consistency, Safety, Adulteration, and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Induced Health Disorders |
| title_sort | elderberry extracts characterization of the polyphenolic chemical composition quality consistency safety adulteration and attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation induced health disorders |
| topic | <i>Sambucus nigra</i> <i>Sambucus canadensis</i> extracts elderberry fruit chemical composition analytical techniques |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/7/3148 |
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