Implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacy
Background: Explicit consideration of implementation factors in community pharmacy service development may facilitate widespread implementation and sustainability. Objectives: This study involved mapping the methodology for the pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing to support...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667276622000464 |
| _version_ | 1818189437902782464 |
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| author | Leanne Chalmers Petra Czarniak Jeffery Hughes Rebecca Iacob Ya Ping Lee Kiran Parsons Richard Parsons Bruce Sunderland Tin Fei Sim |
| author_facet | Leanne Chalmers Petra Czarniak Jeffery Hughes Rebecca Iacob Ya Ping Lee Kiran Parsons Richard Parsons Bruce Sunderland Tin Fei Sim |
| author_sort | Leanne Chalmers |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Explicit consideration of implementation factors in community pharmacy service development may facilitate widespread implementation and sustainability. Objectives: This study involved mapping the methodology for the pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing to support pharmacists' management of respiratory tract infections in Western Australian pharmacies against an implementation factor framework, focussing on the resources and training program provided to participating pharmacy staff. Methods: Phase 1 involved post hoc mapping of the pilot study methodology against the framework previously described by Garcia-Cardenas et al.; phase 2 was an a priori evaluation of the resources and training program, involving pre-training, post-training, and post-pilot questionnaires administered to pharmacists and pharmacy assistants/interns. A mixed model analysis compared pharmacists' responses at the three time points. Results: Employment of comprehensive strategies to optimise service feasibility and sustainability was demonstrated across the five domains of ‘professional service’, ‘pharmacy staff’, ‘pharmacy’, ‘local environment’ and ‘system’; further consideration of ‘consumer’ or ‘patient’ factors is needed to address issues such as patient refusal. Study pharmacists (n = 10) and pharmacy assistants/interns (n = 5) reported high levels of satisfaction with the training (100% ‘good’/‘excellent’). Pharmacists reported significantly improved attitudes towards, confidence in, and knowledge about CRP testing and service provision from pre- to post-training (p < 0.05). Positive perceptions were maintained at the post-pilot time point. Conclusions: Post hoc mapping of implementation factors highlighted potential strengths and deficiencies of the current service model. Systematic, prospective mapping, coupled with strategies to explicitly emphasise the patient perspective, may have value in optimising service implementation or modifying future service delivery models. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T23:42:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-696e6d83e9e74ad391c89efac2c0d5fd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2667-2766 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T23:42:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy |
| spelling | doaj.art-696e6d83e9e74ad391c89efac2c0d5fd2022-12-22T00:45:41ZengElsevierExploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy2667-27662022-06-016100147Implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacyLeanne Chalmers0Petra Czarniak1Jeffery Hughes2Rebecca Iacob3Ya Ping Lee4Kiran Parsons5Richard Parsons6Bruce Sunderland7Tin Fei Sim8Corresponding author.; Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCurtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaBackground: Explicit consideration of implementation factors in community pharmacy service development may facilitate widespread implementation and sustainability. Objectives: This study involved mapping the methodology for the pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing to support pharmacists' management of respiratory tract infections in Western Australian pharmacies against an implementation factor framework, focussing on the resources and training program provided to participating pharmacy staff. Methods: Phase 1 involved post hoc mapping of the pilot study methodology against the framework previously described by Garcia-Cardenas et al.; phase 2 was an a priori evaluation of the resources and training program, involving pre-training, post-training, and post-pilot questionnaires administered to pharmacists and pharmacy assistants/interns. A mixed model analysis compared pharmacists' responses at the three time points. Results: Employment of comprehensive strategies to optimise service feasibility and sustainability was demonstrated across the five domains of ‘professional service’, ‘pharmacy staff’, ‘pharmacy’, ‘local environment’ and ‘system’; further consideration of ‘consumer’ or ‘patient’ factors is needed to address issues such as patient refusal. Study pharmacists (n = 10) and pharmacy assistants/interns (n = 5) reported high levels of satisfaction with the training (100% ‘good’/‘excellent’). Pharmacists reported significantly improved attitudes towards, confidence in, and knowledge about CRP testing and service provision from pre- to post-training (p < 0.05). Positive perceptions were maintained at the post-pilot time point. Conclusions: Post hoc mapping of implementation factors highlighted potential strengths and deficiencies of the current service model. Systematic, prospective mapping, coupled with strategies to explicitly emphasise the patient perspective, may have value in optimising service implementation or modifying future service delivery models.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667276622000464ImplementationPoint-of-careC-reactive proteinRespiratory tract infectionsCommunity pharmacy services |
| spellingShingle | Leanne Chalmers Petra Czarniak Jeffery Hughes Rebecca Iacob Ya Ping Lee Kiran Parsons Richard Parsons Bruce Sunderland Tin Fei Sim Implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacy Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy Implementation Point-of-care C-reactive protein Respiratory tract infections Community pharmacy services |
| title | Implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacy |
| title_full | Implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacy |
| title_fullStr | Implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacy |
| title_short | Implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacy |
| title_sort | implementation factor mapping of a pilot study of point of care c reactive protein testing for respiratory tract infections in community pharmacy |
| topic | Implementation Point-of-care C-reactive protein Respiratory tract infections Community pharmacy services |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667276622000464 |
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