The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study
Influences of animals, time of day, air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and direction on ammonia concentrations were investigated. A case study on a typical summer day from 7:00 to approximately 24:00 CEST (moderate wind speed, variable cloudiness and maximum global radiation higher th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/11/1703 |
| _version_ | 1797460188724199424 |
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| author | Beata Kułek Tamás Weidinger |
| author_facet | Beata Kułek Tamás Weidinger |
| author_sort | Beata Kułek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Influences of animals, time of day, air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and direction on ammonia concentrations were investigated. A case study on a typical summer day from 7:00 to approximately 24:00 CEST (moderate wind speed, variable cloudiness and maximum global radiation higher than 950 W/m<sup>2</sup>) in west–central Poland is presented. Concentrations of this gas were measured at four heights (0.1–1.5 m), which were changed every 5 min, using a Nitrolux 1000 photoacoustic spectrometer. A micrometeorological station was established to also measure the surface energy budget components. The results presented are the average for each hour and for the entire day. The fine structure of concentration profiles, plume detection and uncertainty of ammonia flux calculation are also presented. The highest NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations were at a 0.5 m height between 16:00 and 17:00 h when cows were grazing, but the lowest concentrations were between 23:00 and 24:00 h at the height of 1.5 m. The ammonia concentration increased with increasing air temperature and was the highest with a westerly wind direction and decreased with increasing air relative humidity. The greatest influence on the ammonia concentration was related to the presence of cows and the time of day, while a slightly smaller influence was noted in terms of air temperature and wind direction. A case study is suitable for presenting local effects, inhomogeneities and quantifying uncertainties in the bidirectional ammonia flux calculation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:01:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-69876817bf6b46e5ad0109e0d9964d83 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:01:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-69876817bf6b46e5ad0109e0d9964d832023-11-24T14:28:47ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332023-11-011411170310.3390/atmos14111703The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case StudyBeata Kułek0Tamás Weidinger1Horticultural and Educational Services Beata Kułek, Osiedle Przyjaźni 13/92, 61-687 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Meteorology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter str. 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, HungaryInfluences of animals, time of day, air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and direction on ammonia concentrations were investigated. A case study on a typical summer day from 7:00 to approximately 24:00 CEST (moderate wind speed, variable cloudiness and maximum global radiation higher than 950 W/m<sup>2</sup>) in west–central Poland is presented. Concentrations of this gas were measured at four heights (0.1–1.5 m), which were changed every 5 min, using a Nitrolux 1000 photoacoustic spectrometer. A micrometeorological station was established to also measure the surface energy budget components. The results presented are the average for each hour and for the entire day. The fine structure of concentration profiles, plume detection and uncertainty of ammonia flux calculation are also presented. The highest NH<sub>3</sub> concentrations were at a 0.5 m height between 16:00 and 17:00 h when cows were grazing, but the lowest concentrations were between 23:00 and 24:00 h at the height of 1.5 m. The ammonia concentration increased with increasing air temperature and was the highest with a westerly wind direction and decreased with increasing air relative humidity. The greatest influence on the ammonia concentration was related to the presence of cows and the time of day, while a slightly smaller influence was noted in terms of air temperature and wind direction. A case study is suitable for presenting local effects, inhomogeneities and quantifying uncertainties in the bidirectional ammonia flux calculation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/11/1703ammoniaa photoacoustic methodair temperature and relative humiditywind speed and directiona cattle farmplume detection |
| spellingShingle | Beata Kułek Tamás Weidinger The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study Atmosphere ammonia a photoacoustic method air temperature and relative humidity wind speed and direction a cattle farm plume detection |
| title | The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study |
| title_full | The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study |
| title_short | The Influence of Meteorological Factors and the Time of Day on the Concentration of Ammonia in the Atmosphere Measured Using the Photoacoustic Method near a Cattle Farm—A Case Study |
| title_sort | influence of meteorological factors and the time of day on the concentration of ammonia in the atmosphere measured using the photoacoustic method near a cattle farm a case study |
| topic | ammonia a photoacoustic method air temperature and relative humidity wind speed and direction a cattle farm plume detection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/11/1703 |
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