Trichophyton: Changing nomenclature and practical implications
Trichophyton interdigitale had been regarded as anthropophilic, mainly causing non-inflammatory tinea unguium and tinea pedis. T. mentagrophytes, thought to be zoophilic, were regarded as responsible for more inflammatory dermatophytosis. Indian terbinafine-resistant strains, identified with ribosom...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Indian Journal of Dermatology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.e-ijd.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5154;year=2023;volume=68;issue=5;spage=503;epage=507;aulast=Chatterjee |
| _version_ | 1797351964853403648 |
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| author | Manas Chatterjee Debatri Datta |
| author_facet | Manas Chatterjee Debatri Datta |
| author_sort | Manas Chatterjee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Trichophyton interdigitale had been regarded as anthropophilic, mainly causing non-inflammatory tinea unguium and tinea pedis. T. mentagrophytes, thought to be zoophilic, were regarded as responsible for more inflammatory dermatophytosis. Indian terbinafine-resistant strains, identified with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer as 'genotype VIII', have recently been termed Trichophyton indotineae based on clinical and mycological features. Some of these have shown selective azole resistance as well. Phenotypic studies have shown some similarities and some differences between Trichophyton indotineae, T. mentagrophytes, and T. interdigitale, which are optimally distinguished with HMG locus analyses as three main genotypic groups containing the type strains of T. indotineae (CBS 146623), T. interdigitale (CBS 428.63), and T.mentagrophytes (IHEM 4268) and having approximate differences in geographic distribution. Trichophyton interdigitale was prevalently isolated from superficial infections on exposed body sites such as the scalp and face, while also feet and nails. Trichophyton mentagrophytes has a similar predilection but are also often found on the trunk and genitals. Trichophyton indotineae is mostly restricted to the trunk and groin. T. indotineae lesions are generally highly inflammatory, strongly associated with tinea cruris, corporis, and faciei and less commonly with fingernail onychomycosis and tinea pedis. They cause papulosquamous, pustular, pseudo-imbricata (tinea faciei), lichenoid, and pityriasis rosea (tinea corporis of the neck) types of lesions and spread rapidly to multiple sites and cause painful lesions with itching or burning. Lipolytic abilities of T. mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale are very similar and are higher than those of T. indotineae, which is associated with a higher prevalence of T. mentagrophytes on the human scalp, which is relatively rich in lipids. Keratin degradation is significantly larger in T. interdigitale due to location (tinea pedis and tinea unguium). Identification of T. indotineae through culture alone may not be sufficient for effective treatment decision-making; genetic analysis for resistance profiles is needed for optimum treatment selection. In India, steroid-induced suppression of local cellular immunity as well as an altered cutaneous microbiome provided a window of opportunity for the unique, multidrug-resistant species Trichophyton indotineae. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:09:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6999b081f3ef4bc491a05b8cfbf5a936 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0019-5154 1998-3611 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T13:09:15Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
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| series | Indian Journal of Dermatology |
| spelling | doaj.art-6999b081f3ef4bc491a05b8cfbf5a9362024-01-18T15:41:24ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsIndian Journal of Dermatology0019-51541998-36112023-01-0168550350710.4103/ijd.ijd_827_23Trichophyton: Changing nomenclature and practical implicationsManas ChatterjeeDebatri DattaTrichophyton interdigitale had been regarded as anthropophilic, mainly causing non-inflammatory tinea unguium and tinea pedis. T. mentagrophytes, thought to be zoophilic, were regarded as responsible for more inflammatory dermatophytosis. Indian terbinafine-resistant strains, identified with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer as 'genotype VIII', have recently been termed Trichophyton indotineae based on clinical and mycological features. Some of these have shown selective azole resistance as well. Phenotypic studies have shown some similarities and some differences between Trichophyton indotineae, T. mentagrophytes, and T. interdigitale, which are optimally distinguished with HMG locus analyses as three main genotypic groups containing the type strains of T. indotineae (CBS 146623), T. interdigitale (CBS 428.63), and T.mentagrophytes (IHEM 4268) and having approximate differences in geographic distribution. Trichophyton interdigitale was prevalently isolated from superficial infections on exposed body sites such as the scalp and face, while also feet and nails. Trichophyton mentagrophytes has a similar predilection but are also often found on the trunk and genitals. Trichophyton indotineae is mostly restricted to the trunk and groin. T. indotineae lesions are generally highly inflammatory, strongly associated with tinea cruris, corporis, and faciei and less commonly with fingernail onychomycosis and tinea pedis. They cause papulosquamous, pustular, pseudo-imbricata (tinea faciei), lichenoid, and pityriasis rosea (tinea corporis of the neck) types of lesions and spread rapidly to multiple sites and cause painful lesions with itching or burning. Lipolytic abilities of T. mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale are very similar and are higher than those of T. indotineae, which is associated with a higher prevalence of T. mentagrophytes on the human scalp, which is relatively rich in lipids. Keratin degradation is significantly larger in T. interdigitale due to location (tinea pedis and tinea unguium). Identification of T. indotineae through culture alone may not be sufficient for effective treatment decision-making; genetic analysis for resistance profiles is needed for optimum treatment selection. In India, steroid-induced suppression of local cellular immunity as well as an altered cutaneous microbiome provided a window of opportunity for the unique, multidrug-resistant species Trichophyton indotineae.http://www.e-ijd.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5154;year=2023;volume=68;issue=5;spage=503;epage=507;aulast=Chatterjeeanthropophilicazoledermatophytosisgeophilicindiaresistanceterbinafinetrichophyton indotineaetrichophyton interdigitaletrichophyton mentagrophyteszoophilic |
| spellingShingle | Manas Chatterjee Debatri Datta Trichophyton: Changing nomenclature and practical implications Indian Journal of Dermatology anthropophilic azole dermatophytosis geophilic india resistance terbinafine trichophyton indotineae trichophyton interdigitale trichophyton mentagrophytes zoophilic |
| title | Trichophyton: Changing nomenclature and practical implications |
| title_full | Trichophyton: Changing nomenclature and practical implications |
| title_fullStr | Trichophyton: Changing nomenclature and practical implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trichophyton: Changing nomenclature and practical implications |
| title_short | Trichophyton: Changing nomenclature and practical implications |
| title_sort | trichophyton changing nomenclature and practical implications |
| topic | anthropophilic azole dermatophytosis geophilic india resistance terbinafine trichophyton indotineae trichophyton interdigitale trichophyton mentagrophytes zoophilic |
| url | http://www.e-ijd.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5154;year=2023;volume=68;issue=5;spage=503;epage=507;aulast=Chatterjee |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT manaschatterjee trichophytonchangingnomenclatureandpracticalimplications AT debatridatta trichophytonchangingnomenclatureandpracticalimplications |