Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses
Noroviruses infect a wide range of mammals and are the major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Recombination at the junction of ORF1 encoding nonstructural proteins and ORF2 encoding major capsid protein VP1 is a well-known feature of noroviruses. Using all available complete norovirus sequences,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/372 |
| _version_ | 1797617786662420480 |
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| author | Yulia A. Vakulenko Artem V. Orlov Alexander N. Lukashev |
| author_facet | Yulia A. Vakulenko Artem V. Orlov Alexander N. Lukashev |
| author_sort | Yulia A. Vakulenko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Noroviruses infect a wide range of mammals and are the major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Recombination at the junction of ORF1 encoding nonstructural proteins and ORF2 encoding major capsid protein VP1 is a well-known feature of noroviruses. Using all available complete norovirus sequences, we systematically analyzed patterns of natural recombination in the genus <i>Norovirus</i> both throughout the genome and across the genogroups. Recombination events between nonstructural (ORF1) and structural genomic regions (ORF2 and ORF3) were found in all analyzed genogroups of noroviruses, although recombination was most prominent between members of GII, the most common genogroup that infects humans. The half-life times of recombinant forms (clades without evidence of recombination) of human GI and GII noroviruses were 10.4 and 8.4–11.3 years, respectively. There was evidence of many recent recombination events, and most noroviruses that differed by more than 18% of nucleotide sequence were recombinant relative to each other. However, there were no distinct recombination events between viruses that differed by over 42% in ORF2/3, consistent with the absence of systematic recombination between different genogroups. The few inter-genogroup recombination events most likely occurred between ancient viruses before they diverged into contemporary genogroups. The recombination events within ORF1 or between ORF2/3 were generally rare. Thus, noroviruses routinely exchange full structural and nonstructural blocks of the genome, providing a modular evolution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:00:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-69ad082b112c4c29abacec9d24d61124 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:00:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-69ad082b112c4c29abacec9d24d611242023-11-16T23:48:07ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152023-01-0115237210.3390/v15020372Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in NorovirusesYulia A. Vakulenko0Artem V. Orlov1Alexander N. Lukashev2Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, RussiaFaculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, RussiaMartsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, RussiaNoroviruses infect a wide range of mammals and are the major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Recombination at the junction of ORF1 encoding nonstructural proteins and ORF2 encoding major capsid protein VP1 is a well-known feature of noroviruses. Using all available complete norovirus sequences, we systematically analyzed patterns of natural recombination in the genus <i>Norovirus</i> both throughout the genome and across the genogroups. Recombination events between nonstructural (ORF1) and structural genomic regions (ORF2 and ORF3) were found in all analyzed genogroups of noroviruses, although recombination was most prominent between members of GII, the most common genogroup that infects humans. The half-life times of recombinant forms (clades without evidence of recombination) of human GI and GII noroviruses were 10.4 and 8.4–11.3 years, respectively. There was evidence of many recent recombination events, and most noroviruses that differed by more than 18% of nucleotide sequence were recombinant relative to each other. However, there were no distinct recombination events between viruses that differed by over 42% in ORF2/3, consistent with the absence of systematic recombination between different genogroups. The few inter-genogroup recombination events most likely occurred between ancient viruses before they diverged into contemporary genogroups. The recombination events within ORF1 or between ORF2/3 were generally rare. Thus, noroviruses routinely exchange full structural and nonstructural blocks of the genome, providing a modular evolution.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/372norovirusrecombinationmodular evolution |
| spellingShingle | Yulia A. Vakulenko Artem V. Orlov Alexander N. Lukashev Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses Viruses norovirus recombination modular evolution |
| title | Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses |
| title_full | Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses |
| title_fullStr | Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses |
| title_short | Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses |
| title_sort | patterns and temporal dynamics of natural recombination in noroviruses |
| topic | norovirus recombination modular evolution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/2/372 |
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