Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>)
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two PFAS that are commonly found at high concentrations in aquatic environments. Bot...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/1/91 |
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| author | Philip Tanabe Peter B. Key Katy W. Chung Emily C. Pisarski Jessica L. Reiner Alix E. Rodowa Jason T. Magnuson Marie E. DeLorenzo |
| author_facet | Philip Tanabe Peter B. Key Katy W. Chung Emily C. Pisarski Jessica L. Reiner Alix E. Rodowa Jason T. Magnuson Marie E. DeLorenzo |
| author_sort | Philip Tanabe |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two PFAS that are commonly found at high concentrations in aquatic environments. Both chemicals have previously been shown to be toxic to fish, as well as having complex and largely uncharacterized mixture effects. However, limited information is available on marine and estuarine species. In this study, embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>) were exposed to several PFAS mixtures to assess lethal and sublethal effects. PFOS alone was acutely toxic to larvae, with a 96 h LC<sub>50</sub> of 1.97 mg/L (1.64–2.16). PFOS + PFOA resulted in a larval LC<sub>50</sub> of 3.10 (2.62–3.79) mg/L, suggesting an antagonistic effect. These observations were supported by significant reductions in malondialdehyde (105% ± 3.25) and increases in reduced glutathione concentrations (43.8% ± 1.78) in PFOS + PFOA exposures compared to PFOS-only treatments, indicating reduced oxidative stress. While PFOA reduced PFOS-induced mortality (97.0% ± 3.03), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) did not. PFOS alone did not affect expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (<i>pparα</i>) but significantly upregulated apolipoprotein A4 (<i>apoa4</i>) (112.4% ± 17.8), a downstream product of <i>pparα</i>, while none of the other individually tested PFAS affected <i>apoa4</i> expression. These findings suggest that there are antagonistic interactions between PFOA and PFOS that may reduce mixture toxicity in larval sheepshead minnows through reduced oxidative stress. Elucidating mechanisms of toxicity and interactions between PFAS will aid environmental regulation and management of these ubiquitous pollutants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:33:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-69c894e42135415692c933df0799f313 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:33:26Z |
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| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-69c894e42135415692c933df0799f3132024-01-26T18:41:55ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042024-01-011219110.3390/toxics12010091Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>)Philip Tanabe0Peter B. Key1Katy W. Chung2Emily C. Pisarski3Jessica L. Reiner4Alix E. Rodowa5Jason T. Magnuson6Marie E. DeLorenzo7National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USANational Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC 29412, USANational Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USAU.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USANational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, SC 29412, USAPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two PFAS that are commonly found at high concentrations in aquatic environments. Both chemicals have previously been shown to be toxic to fish, as well as having complex and largely uncharacterized mixture effects. However, limited information is available on marine and estuarine species. In this study, embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>) were exposed to several PFAS mixtures to assess lethal and sublethal effects. PFOS alone was acutely toxic to larvae, with a 96 h LC<sub>50</sub> of 1.97 mg/L (1.64–2.16). PFOS + PFOA resulted in a larval LC<sub>50</sub> of 3.10 (2.62–3.79) mg/L, suggesting an antagonistic effect. These observations were supported by significant reductions in malondialdehyde (105% ± 3.25) and increases in reduced glutathione concentrations (43.8% ± 1.78) in PFOS + PFOA exposures compared to PFOS-only treatments, indicating reduced oxidative stress. While PFOA reduced PFOS-induced mortality (97.0% ± 3.03), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) did not. PFOS alone did not affect expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (<i>pparα</i>) but significantly upregulated apolipoprotein A4 (<i>apoa4</i>) (112.4% ± 17.8), a downstream product of <i>pparα</i>, while none of the other individually tested PFAS affected <i>apoa4</i> expression. These findings suggest that there are antagonistic interactions between PFOA and PFOS that may reduce mixture toxicity in larval sheepshead minnows through reduced oxidative stress. Elucidating mechanisms of toxicity and interactions between PFAS will aid environmental regulation and management of these ubiquitous pollutants.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/1/91PFASPFOSPFOAmixturesmechanism of toxicityPPARα |
| spellingShingle | Philip Tanabe Peter B. Key Katy W. Chung Emily C. Pisarski Jessica L. Reiner Alix E. Rodowa Jason T. Magnuson Marie E. DeLorenzo Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>) Toxics PFAS PFOS PFOA mixtures mechanism of toxicity PPARα |
| title | Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>) |
| title_full | Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>) |
| title_short | Mixture Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Embryonic and Larval Sheepshead Minnows (<i>Cyprinodon variegatus</i>) |
| title_sort | mixture effects of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows i cyprinodon variegatus i |
| topic | PFAS PFOS PFOA mixtures mechanism of toxicity PPARα |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/12/1/91 |
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