The Role of Microorganisms in the Isolation of Nanocellulose from Plant Biomass
The isolation and bottom-up assembly of nano-cellulose by using microorganisms offers unique advantages that fine-tune and meet the main key design criteria of sustainability, rapid renewability, low toxicity and scalability for several industrial applications. As a biomaterial, several properties a...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/7/1457 |
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| author | Esam Bashir Yahya Suhail Salem Elarbash Rahul Dev Bairwan Montaha Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Niaz Bahadur Khan Putri Widyanti Harlina H. P. S. Abdul Khalil |
| author_facet | Esam Bashir Yahya Suhail Salem Elarbash Rahul Dev Bairwan Montaha Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Niaz Bahadur Khan Putri Widyanti Harlina H. P. S. Abdul Khalil |
| author_sort | Esam Bashir Yahya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The isolation and bottom-up assembly of nano-cellulose by using microorganisms offers unique advantages that fine-tune and meet the main key design criteria of sustainability, rapid renewability, low toxicity and scalability for several industrial applications. As a biomaterial, several properties are required to maintain the quality and functional period of any product. Thus, researchers nowadays are extensively using microorganisms to enhance the yield and properties of plant nanocellulose. A microbial process requires approximately 20%–50% less energy compared to the chemical isolation process that consumes high energy due to the need for intense mechanical processing and harsh chemical treatments. A microbial process can also reduce production costs by around 30%–50% due to the use of renewable feedstocks, fewer chemical additives, and simplified purification steps. A chemical isolation process is typically more expensive due to the extensive use of chemicals, complex processing steps, and higher energy requirements. A microbial process also offers higher yields of nanocellulose with well-defined and uniform dimensions, leading to improved mechanical properties and enhanced performance in various applications, compared with the chemical isolation process, which may result in a wider range of nanocellulose sizes, potentially leading to variations in properties and performance. The present review discusses the role of different microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and fungi) in the isolation and production of nanocellulose. The types and properties of nanocellulose from different sources are also discussed to show the main differences among them, showing the use of microorganisms and their products to enhance the yield and properties of nanocellulose isolation. Finally, the challenges and propositions regarding the isolation, production and enhancement the quality of nanocellulose are addressed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:03:40Z |
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| id | doaj.art-69d1cd6e60f34b669e538fc3687225d8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:03:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-69d1cd6e60f34b669e538fc3687225d82023-11-18T19:24:37ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072023-07-01147145710.3390/f14071457The Role of Microorganisms in the Isolation of Nanocellulose from Plant BiomassEsam Bashir Yahya0Suhail Salem Elarbash1Rahul Dev Bairwan2Montaha Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed3Niaz Bahadur Khan4Putri Widyanti Harlina5H. P. S. Abdul Khalil6Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaBioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaBioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaFaculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Mohail Aseer, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi ArabiaMechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, Isa Town 32038, BahrainDepartment of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, IndonesiaGreen Biopolymer, Coatings and Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaThe isolation and bottom-up assembly of nano-cellulose by using microorganisms offers unique advantages that fine-tune and meet the main key design criteria of sustainability, rapid renewability, low toxicity and scalability for several industrial applications. As a biomaterial, several properties are required to maintain the quality and functional period of any product. Thus, researchers nowadays are extensively using microorganisms to enhance the yield and properties of plant nanocellulose. A microbial process requires approximately 20%–50% less energy compared to the chemical isolation process that consumes high energy due to the need for intense mechanical processing and harsh chemical treatments. A microbial process can also reduce production costs by around 30%–50% due to the use of renewable feedstocks, fewer chemical additives, and simplified purification steps. A chemical isolation process is typically more expensive due to the extensive use of chemicals, complex processing steps, and higher energy requirements. A microbial process also offers higher yields of nanocellulose with well-defined and uniform dimensions, leading to improved mechanical properties and enhanced performance in various applications, compared with the chemical isolation process, which may result in a wider range of nanocellulose sizes, potentially leading to variations in properties and performance. The present review discusses the role of different microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and fungi) in the isolation and production of nanocellulose. The types and properties of nanocellulose from different sources are also discussed to show the main differences among them, showing the use of microorganisms and their products to enhance the yield and properties of nanocellulose isolation. Finally, the challenges and propositions regarding the isolation, production and enhancement the quality of nanocellulose are addressed.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/7/1457microbialnanocelluloseplant fibersmicroorganismsenhancementchallenges |
| spellingShingle | Esam Bashir Yahya Suhail Salem Elarbash Rahul Dev Bairwan Montaha Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Niaz Bahadur Khan Putri Widyanti Harlina H. P. S. Abdul Khalil The Role of Microorganisms in the Isolation of Nanocellulose from Plant Biomass Forests microbial nanocellulose plant fibers microorganisms enhancement challenges |
| title | The Role of Microorganisms in the Isolation of Nanocellulose from Plant Biomass |
| title_full | The Role of Microorganisms in the Isolation of Nanocellulose from Plant Biomass |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Microorganisms in the Isolation of Nanocellulose from Plant Biomass |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Microorganisms in the Isolation of Nanocellulose from Plant Biomass |
| title_short | The Role of Microorganisms in the Isolation of Nanocellulose from Plant Biomass |
| title_sort | role of microorganisms in the isolation of nanocellulose from plant biomass |
| topic | microbial nanocellulose plant fibers microorganisms enhancement challenges |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/7/1457 |
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