Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission.
Cross-species transmission (CST) has led to many devastating epidemics, but is still a poorly understood phenomenon. HIV-1 and HIV-2 (human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2), which have collectively caused over 35 million deaths, are the result of multiple CSTs from chimpanzees, gorillas, and sooty ma...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2017-07-01
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| Series: | PLoS Pathogens |
| Online Access: | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5510905?pdf=render |
| _version_ | 1818508173901824000 |
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| author | Sidney M Bell Trevor Bedford |
| author_facet | Sidney M Bell Trevor Bedford |
| author_sort | Sidney M Bell |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cross-species transmission (CST) has led to many devastating epidemics, but is still a poorly understood phenomenon. HIV-1 and HIV-2 (human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2), which have collectively caused over 35 million deaths, are the result of multiple CSTs from chimpanzees, gorillas, and sooty mangabeys. While the immediate history of HIV is known, there are over 45 lentiviruses that infect specific species of primates, and patterns of host switching are not well characterized. We thus took a phylogenetic approach to better understand the natural history of SIV recombination and CST. We modeled host species as a discrete character trait on the viral phylogeny and inferred historical host switches and the pairwise transmission rates between each pair of 24 primate hosts. We identify 14 novel, well-supported, ancient cross-species transmission events. We also find that lentiviral lineages vary widely in their ability to infect new host species: SIVcol (from colobus monkeys) is evolutionarily isolated, while SIVagms (from African green monkeys) frequently move between host subspecies. We also examine the origins of SIVcpz (the predecessor of HIV-1) in greater detail than previous studies, and find that there are still large portions of the genome with unknown origins. Observed patterns of CST are likely driven by a combination of ecological circumstance and innate immune factors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T22:28:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-69fd25df2ef84d2c85c793096f2eda9f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1553-7366 1553-7374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T22:28:05Z |
| publishDate | 2017-07-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-69fd25df2ef84d2c85c793096f2eda9f2022-12-22T01:31:07ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Pathogens1553-73661553-73742017-07-01137e100646610.1371/journal.ppat.1006466Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission.Sidney M BellTrevor BedfordCross-species transmission (CST) has led to many devastating epidemics, but is still a poorly understood phenomenon. HIV-1 and HIV-2 (human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2), which have collectively caused over 35 million deaths, are the result of multiple CSTs from chimpanzees, gorillas, and sooty mangabeys. While the immediate history of HIV is known, there are over 45 lentiviruses that infect specific species of primates, and patterns of host switching are not well characterized. We thus took a phylogenetic approach to better understand the natural history of SIV recombination and CST. We modeled host species as a discrete character trait on the viral phylogeny and inferred historical host switches and the pairwise transmission rates between each pair of 24 primate hosts. We identify 14 novel, well-supported, ancient cross-species transmission events. We also find that lentiviral lineages vary widely in their ability to infect new host species: SIVcol (from colobus monkeys) is evolutionarily isolated, while SIVagms (from African green monkeys) frequently move between host subspecies. We also examine the origins of SIVcpz (the predecessor of HIV-1) in greater detail than previous studies, and find that there are still large portions of the genome with unknown origins. Observed patterns of CST are likely driven by a combination of ecological circumstance and innate immune factors.http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5510905?pdf=render |
| spellingShingle | Sidney M Bell Trevor Bedford Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission. PLoS Pathogens |
| title | Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission. |
| title_full | Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission. |
| title_fullStr | Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission. |
| title_short | Modern-day SIV viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross-species transmission. |
| title_sort | modern day siv viral diversity generated by extensive recombination and cross species transmission |
| url | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC5510905?pdf=render |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sidneymbell moderndaysivviraldiversitygeneratedbyextensiverecombinationandcrossspeciestransmission AT trevorbedford moderndaysivviraldiversitygeneratedbyextensiverecombinationandcrossspeciestransmission |