The Phenolic Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts-1 Cell Line
Propolis, owing to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, acts as a cariostatic agent, capable of preventing the accumulation of dental plaque and inhibiting inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties of propolis are attributed to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which is presen...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/22/7477 |
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| author | Anna Kurek-Górecka Małgorzata Kłósek Grażyna Pietsz Zenon P. Czuba Sevgi Kolayli Zehra Can Radosław Balwierz Paweł Olczyk |
| author_facet | Anna Kurek-Górecka Małgorzata Kłósek Grażyna Pietsz Zenon P. Czuba Sevgi Kolayli Zehra Can Radosław Balwierz Paweł Olczyk |
| author_sort | Anna Kurek-Górecka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Propolis, owing to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, acts as a cariostatic agent, capable of preventing the accumulation of dental plaque and inhibiting inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties of propolis are attributed to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which is present in European propolis. The objective of the conducted study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the Polish ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and isolated CAPE on stimulated with LPS and IFN-α, as well as the combination of LPS and IFN-α. The cytotoxicity of the tested compounds was determined using the MTT assay. The concentrations of specific cytokines released by the HGF-1 cell line following treatment with EEP (25–50 µg/mL) or CAPE (25–50 µg/mL) were assessed in the culture supernatant. In the tested concentrations, both CAPE and EEP did not exert cytotoxic effects. Our results demonstrate that CAPE reduces TNF-α and IL-6 in contrast to EEP. Propolis seems effective in stimulating HGF-1 to release IL-6 and IL-8. A statistically significant difference was observed for IL-8 in HGF-1 stimulated by LPS+IFN-α and treated EEP at a concentration of 50 µg/mL (<i>p</i> = 0.021201). Moreover, we observed that CAPE demonstrates a stronger interaction with IL-8 compared to EEP, especially when CAPE was administered at a concentration of 50 µg/mL after LPS + IFN-α stimulation (<i>p</i> = 0.0005). Analysis of the phenolic profile performed by high-performance liquid chromatography allowed identification and quantification in the EEP sample of six phenolic acids, five flavonoids, and one aromatic ester—CAPE. Propolis and its compound—CAPE—exhibit immunomodulatory properties that influence the inflammatory process. Further studies may contribute to explaining the immunomodulatory action of EEP and CAPE and bring comprehensive conclusions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:34:17Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:34:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-6a2bc4d4e7a0438598dec07be19fb6102023-11-24T14:57:52ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-11-012822747710.3390/molecules28227477The Phenolic Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts-1 Cell LineAnna Kurek-Górecka0Małgorzata Kłósek1Grażyna Pietsz2Zenon P. Czuba3Sevgi Kolayli4Zehra Can5Radosław Balwierz6Paweł Olczyk7Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, PolandDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, PolandDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, PolandDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technique University, 61080 Trabzon, TurkeyDepartment of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Bayburt University, 69000 Bayburt, TurkeyInstitute of Chemistry, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, PolandDepartment of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, PolandPropolis, owing to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, acts as a cariostatic agent, capable of preventing the accumulation of dental plaque and inhibiting inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties of propolis are attributed to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which is present in European propolis. The objective of the conducted study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the Polish ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and isolated CAPE on stimulated with LPS and IFN-α, as well as the combination of LPS and IFN-α. The cytotoxicity of the tested compounds was determined using the MTT assay. The concentrations of specific cytokines released by the HGF-1 cell line following treatment with EEP (25–50 µg/mL) or CAPE (25–50 µg/mL) were assessed in the culture supernatant. In the tested concentrations, both CAPE and EEP did not exert cytotoxic effects. Our results demonstrate that CAPE reduces TNF-α and IL-6 in contrast to EEP. Propolis seems effective in stimulating HGF-1 to release IL-6 and IL-8. A statistically significant difference was observed for IL-8 in HGF-1 stimulated by LPS+IFN-α and treated EEP at a concentration of 50 µg/mL (<i>p</i> = 0.021201). Moreover, we observed that CAPE demonstrates a stronger interaction with IL-8 compared to EEP, especially when CAPE was administered at a concentration of 50 µg/mL after LPS + IFN-α stimulation (<i>p</i> = 0.0005). Analysis of the phenolic profile performed by high-performance liquid chromatography allowed identification and quantification in the EEP sample of six phenolic acids, five flavonoids, and one aromatic ester—CAPE. Propolis and its compound—CAPE—exhibit immunomodulatory properties that influence the inflammatory process. Further studies may contribute to explaining the immunomodulatory action of EEP and CAPE and bring comprehensive conclusions.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/22/7477caffeic acid phenethyl estercytokinesinflammationin vitro modelpolyphenolspropolis |
| spellingShingle | Anna Kurek-Górecka Małgorzata Kłósek Grażyna Pietsz Zenon P. Czuba Sevgi Kolayli Zehra Can Radosław Balwierz Paweł Olczyk The Phenolic Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts-1 Cell Line Molecules caffeic acid phenethyl ester cytokines inflammation in vitro model polyphenols propolis |
| title | The Phenolic Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts-1 Cell Line |
| title_full | The Phenolic Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts-1 Cell Line |
| title_fullStr | The Phenolic Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts-1 Cell Line |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Phenolic Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts-1 Cell Line |
| title_short | The Phenolic Profile and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Polish Propolis on Activated Human Gingival Fibroblasts-1 Cell Line |
| title_sort | phenolic profile and anti inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of polish propolis on activated human gingival fibroblasts 1 cell line |
| topic | caffeic acid phenethyl ester cytokines inflammation in vitro model polyphenols propolis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/22/7477 |
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