Quantitative Analysis of Movements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Smart Watch at School
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is primarily diagnosed using set criteria and checklists. However, authors have indicated that such criteria and checklists are subjective. In this study, data from the gyroscope and accelerometer in a smart watch were used to analyze the movements of...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/12/4116 |
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| author | Lung-Chang Lin Chen-Sen Ouyang Ching-Tai Chiang Rong-Ching Wu Rei-Cheng Yang |
| author_facet | Lung-Chang Lin Chen-Sen Ouyang Ching-Tai Chiang Rong-Ching Wu Rei-Cheng Yang |
| author_sort | Lung-Chang Lin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is primarily diagnosed using set criteria and checklists. However, authors have indicated that such criteria and checklists are subjective. In this study, data from the gyroscope and accelerometer in a smart watch were used to analyze the movements of children with ADHD. This study cohort comprised 15 children with ADHD and 15 age- and sex-matched control participants. The children with ADHD and controls wore the watches on their non-writing hands simultaneously in class. The recordings of one patient and one control were tracked for 2 h daily for three consecutive days with desk and seated class activities. We compared the measurements of variance and the zero-crossing rate (ZCR) of the gyroscope and accelerometer between the children with ADHD and controls. All average variance and ZCR values of the three axes (<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z</i>) in the gyroscope and accelerometer were higher in children with ADHD than in the controls. Significant differences in average variance values on the <i>y</i>-axis (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and ZCR values on all three axes (<i>x</i>, <i>p</i> = 0.005; <i>y</i>, <i>p</i> = 0.003; and <i>z</i>, <i>p</i> = 0.004) of the gyroscope were observed. Similarly, significant differences in the average variance values on the three axes (<i>x</i>, <i>p</i> = 0.001; <i>y</i>, <i>p</i> < 0.001; and <i>z</i>, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and ZCR values on the <i>z</i>-axis (<i>p</i> = 0.006) of the accelerometer were observed. The proposed method is a promising tool to objectively analyze the movements of children with ADHD at school. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:10:09Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-6a3fc7e03efb47b9acffad9747a2c9f82023-11-20T03:54:12ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172020-06-011012411610.3390/app10124116Quantitative Analysis of Movements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Smart Watch at SchoolLung-Chang Lin0Chen-Sen Ouyang1Ching-Tai Chiang2Rong-Ching Wu3Rei-Cheng Yang4Departments of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, TaiwanDepartment of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 84001, TaiwanDepartment of Computer and Communication, National Pingtung University, Pingtung City 90003, TaiwanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 84001, TaiwanDepartments of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, TaiwanAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is primarily diagnosed using set criteria and checklists. However, authors have indicated that such criteria and checklists are subjective. In this study, data from the gyroscope and accelerometer in a smart watch were used to analyze the movements of children with ADHD. This study cohort comprised 15 children with ADHD and 15 age- and sex-matched control participants. The children with ADHD and controls wore the watches on their non-writing hands simultaneously in class. The recordings of one patient and one control were tracked for 2 h daily for three consecutive days with desk and seated class activities. We compared the measurements of variance and the zero-crossing rate (ZCR) of the gyroscope and accelerometer between the children with ADHD and controls. All average variance and ZCR values of the three axes (<i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z</i>) in the gyroscope and accelerometer were higher in children with ADHD than in the controls. Significant differences in average variance values on the <i>y</i>-axis (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and ZCR values on all three axes (<i>x</i>, <i>p</i> = 0.005; <i>y</i>, <i>p</i> = 0.003; and <i>z</i>, <i>p</i> = 0.004) of the gyroscope were observed. Similarly, significant differences in the average variance values on the three axes (<i>x</i>, <i>p</i> = 0.001; <i>y</i>, <i>p</i> < 0.001; and <i>z</i>, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and ZCR values on the <i>z</i>-axis (<i>p</i> = 0.006) of the accelerometer were observed. The proposed method is a promising tool to objectively analyze the movements of children with ADHD at school.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/12/4116ADHDgyroscopeaccelerometersmart watch |
| spellingShingle | Lung-Chang Lin Chen-Sen Ouyang Ching-Tai Chiang Rong-Ching Wu Rei-Cheng Yang Quantitative Analysis of Movements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Smart Watch at School Applied Sciences ADHD gyroscope accelerometer smart watch |
| title | Quantitative Analysis of Movements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Smart Watch at School |
| title_full | Quantitative Analysis of Movements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Smart Watch at School |
| title_fullStr | Quantitative Analysis of Movements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Smart Watch at School |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantitative Analysis of Movements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Smart Watch at School |
| title_short | Quantitative Analysis of Movements in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Smart Watch at School |
| title_sort | quantitative analysis of movements in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using a smart watch at school |
| topic | ADHD gyroscope accelerometer smart watch |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/12/4116 |
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