Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues
Wireless sensor networks basically consist of low cost sensor nodes which collect data from environment and relay them to a sink, where they will be subsequently processed. Since wireless nodes are severely power-constrained, the major concern is how to conserve the nodes’ energy so that network lif...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2012-10-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/10/13508 |
| _version_ | 1818007511275405312 |
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| author | Shukor Abd Razak Mohammadreza Eslaminejad |
| author_facet | Shukor Abd Razak Mohammadreza Eslaminejad |
| author_sort | Shukor Abd Razak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wireless sensor networks basically consist of low cost sensor nodes which collect data from environment and relay them to a sink, where they will be subsequently processed. Since wireless nodes are severely power-constrained, the major concern is how to conserve the nodes’ energy so that network lifetime can be extended significantly. Employing one static sink can rapidly exhaust the energy of sink neighbors. Furthermore, using a non-optimal single path together with a maximum transmission power level may quickly deplete the energy of individual nodes on the route. This all results in unbalanced energy consumption through the sensor field, and hence a negative effect on the network lifetime. In this paper, we present a comprehensive taxonomy of the various mechanisms applied for increasing the network lifetime. These techniques, whether in the routing or cross-layer area, fall within the following types: multi-sink, mobile sink, multi-path, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, depending on the protocol operation. In this taxonomy, special attention has been devoted to the multi-sink, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, which have not yet received much consideration in the literature. Moreover, each class covers a variety of the state-of-the-art protocols, which should provide ideas for potential future works. Finally, we compare these mechanisms and discuss open research issues. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T05:16:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6a5b2944dd9b40d4a90268ceaf31bc8d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T05:16:27Z |
| publishDate | 2012-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-6a5b2944dd9b40d4a90268ceaf31bc8d2022-12-22T02:10:20ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202012-10-011210135081354410.3390/s121013508Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open IssuesShukor Abd RazakMohammadreza EslaminejadWireless sensor networks basically consist of low cost sensor nodes which collect data from environment and relay them to a sink, where they will be subsequently processed. Since wireless nodes are severely power-constrained, the major concern is how to conserve the nodes’ energy so that network lifetime can be extended significantly. Employing one static sink can rapidly exhaust the energy of sink neighbors. Furthermore, using a non-optimal single path together with a maximum transmission power level may quickly deplete the energy of individual nodes on the route. This all results in unbalanced energy consumption through the sensor field, and hence a negative effect on the network lifetime. In this paper, we present a comprehensive taxonomy of the various mechanisms applied for increasing the network lifetime. These techniques, whether in the routing or cross-layer area, fall within the following types: multi-sink, mobile sink, multi-path, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, depending on the protocol operation. In this taxonomy, special attention has been devoted to the multi-sink, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, which have not yet received much consideration in the literature. Moreover, each class covers a variety of the state-of-the-art protocols, which should provide ideas for potential future works. Finally, we compare these mechanisms and discuss open research issues.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/10/13508wireless sensor networks (WSNs)network lifetimeenergy-efficiencymulti-pathmulti-sinkmobile sinkpower controlbio-inspired protocols |
| spellingShingle | Shukor Abd Razak Mohammadreza Eslaminejad Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues Sensors wireless sensor networks (WSNs) network lifetime energy-efficiency multi-path multi-sink mobile sink power control bio-inspired protocols |
| title | Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues |
| title_full | Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues |
| title_fullStr | Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues |
| title_short | Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues |
| title_sort | fundamental lifetime mechanisms in routing protocols for wireless sensor networks a survey and open issues |
| topic | wireless sensor networks (WSNs) network lifetime energy-efficiency multi-path multi-sink mobile sink power control bio-inspired protocols |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/10/13508 |
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