Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and Phenol
Domestic, agricultural, and industrial waste has been investigated as a substitute for activated carbon adsorbents. For instance, the transformation of tea waste to biochar can be utilized as a substitute for activated carbon adsorbents. In this study, tea waste-based biochar adsorbents (biochar, bi...
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| author | Tumelo Nortica Mashoene Anny Leudjo Taka Samson O. Akpotu Isiaka A. Lawal Michael John Klink |
| author_facet | Tumelo Nortica Mashoene Anny Leudjo Taka Samson O. Akpotu Isiaka A. Lawal Michael John Klink |
| author_sort | Tumelo Nortica Mashoene |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Domestic, agricultural, and industrial waste has been investigated as a substitute for activated carbon adsorbents. For instance, the transformation of tea waste to biochar can be utilized as a substitute for activated carbon adsorbents. In this study, tea waste-based biochar adsorbents (biochar, biochar/reduced graphene oxide (biochar/rGO), biochar/reduced graphene oxide/deep eutectic solvent-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (biochar/rGO/DES-CTAB), and biochar/reduced graphene oxide/deep eutectic solvent-glycerol (biochar/rGO/DES-glycerol)) were synthesized by simple thermal treatment of tea waste and sucrose followed by modification with reduced graphene oxide and deep eutectic solvents. The obtained materials were characterized using a range of spectroscopy techniques, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and pH at point of zero charge (pH <sub>PZC</sub>). The obtained results showed that the principal material, i.e., biochar was modified, and FTIR results confirmed the presence of added functional groups. SEM images revealed surface structural changes, and BET showed a decrease in pore size from 10.16 nm to 6.87 nm. The synthesized materials were applied for the removal of ZDV and phenol from the aqueous medium. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to optimize operating parameters such as the adsorbent dose, solution pH, contact time, and initial concentration. Pseudo-first-order (PFO), Pseudo-second-order (PSO), and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) kinetic models were determined to investigate the mechanism of the adsorption process. The coefficient of correlation, R<sup>2</sup>, was used to determine the best fit of the kinetic models. The adsorption results showed that the DES-glycerol-modified adsorbent was more efficient in removing the pollutants ZDV and phenol than biochar, biochar/rGO, and biochar/rGO/DES-CTAB adsorbents. In addition, the results showed that an acidic medium of pH 2.00 and a contact time of 1 h 30 min and 30 min is sufficient for removing ZDV and phenol, respectively, from an aqueous medium. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:48:05Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:48:05Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-6a5db4f97e3b4db8971ca9b9ef7410af2023-11-18T16:07:13ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-06-011313749310.3390/app13137493Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and PhenolTumelo Nortica Mashoene0Anny Leudjo Taka1Samson O. Akpotu2Isiaka A. Lawal3Michael John Klink4Department of Biotechnology/Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South AfricaDepartment of Biotechnology/Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South AfricaDepartment of Biotechnology/Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South AfricaDepartment of Biotechnology/Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South AfricaDepartment of Biotechnology/Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South AfricaDomestic, agricultural, and industrial waste has been investigated as a substitute for activated carbon adsorbents. For instance, the transformation of tea waste to biochar can be utilized as a substitute for activated carbon adsorbents. In this study, tea waste-based biochar adsorbents (biochar, biochar/reduced graphene oxide (biochar/rGO), biochar/reduced graphene oxide/deep eutectic solvent-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (biochar/rGO/DES-CTAB), and biochar/reduced graphene oxide/deep eutectic solvent-glycerol (biochar/rGO/DES-glycerol)) were synthesized by simple thermal treatment of tea waste and sucrose followed by modification with reduced graphene oxide and deep eutectic solvents. The obtained materials were characterized using a range of spectroscopy techniques, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and pH at point of zero charge (pH <sub>PZC</sub>). The obtained results showed that the principal material, i.e., biochar was modified, and FTIR results confirmed the presence of added functional groups. SEM images revealed surface structural changes, and BET showed a decrease in pore size from 10.16 nm to 6.87 nm. The synthesized materials were applied for the removal of ZDV and phenol from the aqueous medium. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to optimize operating parameters such as the adsorbent dose, solution pH, contact time, and initial concentration. Pseudo-first-order (PFO), Pseudo-second-order (PSO), and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) kinetic models were determined to investigate the mechanism of the adsorption process. The coefficient of correlation, R<sup>2</sup>, was used to determine the best fit of the kinetic models. The adsorption results showed that the DES-glycerol-modified adsorbent was more efficient in removing the pollutants ZDV and phenol than biochar, biochar/rGO, and biochar/rGO/DES-CTAB adsorbents. In addition, the results showed that an acidic medium of pH 2.00 and a contact time of 1 h 30 min and 30 min is sufficient for removing ZDV and phenol, respectively, from an aqueous medium.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/13/7493biochardeep eutectic solventsadsorbentorganic pollutantswastewater |
| spellingShingle | Tumelo Nortica Mashoene Anny Leudjo Taka Samson O. Akpotu Isiaka A. Lawal Michael John Klink Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and Phenol Applied Sciences biochar deep eutectic solvents adsorbent organic pollutants wastewater |
| title | Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and Phenol |
| title_full | Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and Phenol |
| title_fullStr | Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and Phenol |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and Phenol |
| title_short | Surface Modification of Tea-Waste-Based Biochar Adsorbent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption for the Removal of Zidovudine ARV Drug and Phenol |
| title_sort | surface modification of tea waste based biochar adsorbent synthesis characterization and batch adsorption for the removal of zidovudine arv drug and phenol |
| topic | biochar deep eutectic solvents adsorbent organic pollutants wastewater |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/13/7493 |
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