Pigment Diversity in Leaves of <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Comparisons between Red and White Leaves
Leaf color is a key ornamental characteristic of cultivated caladium (<i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey), a plant with diverse leaf colors. However, the genetic improvement of leaf color in cultivated caladium is hindered by the limited understanding of leaf color d...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| author | Yiwei Zhou Yechun Xu Gen-Fa Zhu Jianjun Tan Jingyi Lin Lishan Huang Yuanjun Ye Jinmei Liu |
| author_facet | Yiwei Zhou Yechun Xu Gen-Fa Zhu Jianjun Tan Jingyi Lin Lishan Huang Yuanjun Ye Jinmei Liu |
| author_sort | Yiwei Zhou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Leaf color is a key ornamental characteristic of cultivated caladium (<i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey), a plant with diverse leaf colors. However, the genetic improvement of leaf color in cultivated caladium is hindered by the limited understanding of leaf color diversity and regulation. In this study, the chlorophyll and anthocyanin content of 137 germplasm resources were measured to explore the diversity and mechanism of leaf color formation in cultivated caladium. Association analysis of EST-SSR markers and pigment traits was performed, as well as metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis of a red leaf variety and its white leaf mutant. We found significant differences in chlorophyll and anthocyanin content among different color groups of cultivated caladium, and identified three, eight, three, and seven EST-SSR loci significantly associated with chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll and total anthocyanins content, respectively. The results further revealed that the white leaf mutation was caused by the down-regulation of various anthocyanins (such as cyanidin-3-<i>O</i>-rutinoside, quercetin-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside, and others). This change in concentration is likely due to the down-regulation of key genes (four <i>PAL</i>, four <i>CHS</i>, six <i>CHI</i>, eight <i>F3H</i>, one <i>F3′H</i>, one <i>FLS</i>, one <i>LAR</i>, four <i>DFR</i>, one <i>ANS</i> and two <i>UFGT</i>) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Concurrently, the up-regulation of certain genes (one <i>FLS</i> and one <i>LAR</i>) that divert the anthocyanin precursors to other pathways was noted. Additionally, a significant change in the expression of numerous transcription factors (12 <i>NAC</i>, 12 <i>bZIP</i>, 23 <i>ERF</i>, 23 <i>bHLH</i>, 19 <i>MYB</i>_related, etc.) was observed. These results revealed the genetic and metabolic basis of leaf color diversity and change in cultivated caladium, and provided valuable information for molecular marker-assisted selection and breeding of leaf color in this ornamental plant. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:04:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6a860fdad71e480582ec3ffeb266f46c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:04:39Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-6a860fdad71e480582ec3ffeb266f46c2024-01-10T15:00:13ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-01-0125160510.3390/ijms25010605Pigment Diversity in Leaves of <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Comparisons between Red and White LeavesYiwei Zhou0Yechun Xu1Gen-Fa Zhu2Jianjun Tan3Jingyi Lin4Lishan Huang5Yuanjun Ye6Jinmei Liu7Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEnvironmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEnvironmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEnvironmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEnvironmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEnvironmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaGuangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEnvironmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaLeaf color is a key ornamental characteristic of cultivated caladium (<i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey), a plant with diverse leaf colors. However, the genetic improvement of leaf color in cultivated caladium is hindered by the limited understanding of leaf color diversity and regulation. In this study, the chlorophyll and anthocyanin content of 137 germplasm resources were measured to explore the diversity and mechanism of leaf color formation in cultivated caladium. Association analysis of EST-SSR markers and pigment traits was performed, as well as metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis of a red leaf variety and its white leaf mutant. We found significant differences in chlorophyll and anthocyanin content among different color groups of cultivated caladium, and identified three, eight, three, and seven EST-SSR loci significantly associated with chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll and total anthocyanins content, respectively. The results further revealed that the white leaf mutation was caused by the down-regulation of various anthocyanins (such as cyanidin-3-<i>O</i>-rutinoside, quercetin-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside, and others). This change in concentration is likely due to the down-regulation of key genes (four <i>PAL</i>, four <i>CHS</i>, six <i>CHI</i>, eight <i>F3H</i>, one <i>F3′H</i>, one <i>FLS</i>, one <i>LAR</i>, four <i>DFR</i>, one <i>ANS</i> and two <i>UFGT</i>) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Concurrently, the up-regulation of certain genes (one <i>FLS</i> and one <i>LAR</i>) that divert the anthocyanin precursors to other pathways was noted. Additionally, a significant change in the expression of numerous transcription factors (12 <i>NAC</i>, 12 <i>bZIP</i>, 23 <i>ERF</i>, 23 <i>bHLH</i>, 19 <i>MYB</i>_related, etc.) was observed. These results revealed the genetic and metabolic basis of leaf color diversity and change in cultivated caladium, and provided valuable information for molecular marker-assisted selection and breeding of leaf color in this ornamental plant.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/1/605<i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i>leaf colorchlorophyllanthocyanintranscriptomemetabolome |
| spellingShingle | Yiwei Zhou Yechun Xu Gen-Fa Zhu Jianjun Tan Jingyi Lin Lishan Huang Yuanjun Ye Jinmei Liu Pigment Diversity in Leaves of <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Comparisons between Red and White Leaves International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> leaf color chlorophyll anthocyanin transcriptome metabolome |
| title | Pigment Diversity in Leaves of <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Comparisons between Red and White Leaves |
| title_full | Pigment Diversity in Leaves of <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Comparisons between Red and White Leaves |
| title_fullStr | Pigment Diversity in Leaves of <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Comparisons between Red and White Leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pigment Diversity in Leaves of <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Comparisons between Red and White Leaves |
| title_short | Pigment Diversity in Leaves of <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> Birdsey and Transcriptomic and Metabolic Comparisons between Red and White Leaves |
| title_sort | pigment diversity in leaves of i caladium i i hortulanum i birdsey and transcriptomic and metabolic comparisons between red and white leaves |
| topic | <i>Caladium</i> × <i>hortulanum</i> leaf color chlorophyll anthocyanin transcriptome metabolome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/1/605 |
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