High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single Crystals
Abstract Vapor sensors with both high sensitivity and broad detection range are technically challenging yet highly desirable for widespread chemical sensing applications in diverse environments. Generally, an increased surface‐to‐volume ratio can effectively enhance the sensitivity to low concentrat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Advanced Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202308036 |
| _version_ | 1797215291824930816 |
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| author | Bin Lu Matthias Stolte Dong Liu Xiaojing Zhang Lihui Zhao Liehao Tian C. Daniel Frisbie Frank Würthner Xutang Tao Tao He |
| author_facet | Bin Lu Matthias Stolte Dong Liu Xiaojing Zhang Lihui Zhao Liehao Tian C. Daniel Frisbie Frank Würthner Xutang Tao Tao He |
| author_sort | Bin Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Vapor sensors with both high sensitivity and broad detection range are technically challenging yet highly desirable for widespread chemical sensing applications in diverse environments. Generally, an increased surface‐to‐volume ratio can effectively enhance the sensitivity to low concentrations, but often with the trade‐off of a constrained sensing range. Here, an approach is demonstrated for NH3 sensor arrays with an unprecedentedly broad sensing range by introducing controllable steps on the surface of an n‐type single crystal. Step edges, serving as adsorption sites with electron‐deficient properties, are well‐defined, discrete, and electronically active. NH3 molecules selectively adsorb at the step edges and nearly eliminate known trap‐like character, which is demonstrated by surface potential imaging. Consequently, the strategy can significantly boost the sensitivity of two‐terminal NH3 resistance sensors on thin crystals with a few steps while simultaneously enhancing the tolerance on thick crystals with dense steps. Incorporation of these crystals into parallel sensor arrays results in ppb–to–% level detection range and a convenient linear relation between sheet conductance and semi‐log NH3 concentration, allowing for the precise localization of vapor leakage. In general, the results suggest new opportunities for defect engineering of organic semiconductor crystal surfaces for purposeful vapor or chemical sensing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T11:27:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6a8a76933bbf48bb85ae3624049ad6bc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2198-3844 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T11:27:44Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Advanced Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-6a8a76933bbf48bb85ae3624049ad6bc2024-04-10T13:10:12ZengWileyAdvanced Science2198-38442024-04-011114n/an/a10.1002/advs.202308036High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single CrystalsBin Lu0Matthias Stolte1Dong Liu2Xiaojing Zhang3Lihui Zhao4Liehao Tian5C. Daniel Frisbie6Frank Würthner7Xutang Tao8Tao He9State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 ChinaUniversität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg GermanyState Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 ChinaDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USAUniversität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg GermanyState Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 ChinaState Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 ChinaAbstract Vapor sensors with both high sensitivity and broad detection range are technically challenging yet highly desirable for widespread chemical sensing applications in diverse environments. Generally, an increased surface‐to‐volume ratio can effectively enhance the sensitivity to low concentrations, but often with the trade‐off of a constrained sensing range. Here, an approach is demonstrated for NH3 sensor arrays with an unprecedentedly broad sensing range by introducing controllable steps on the surface of an n‐type single crystal. Step edges, serving as adsorption sites with electron‐deficient properties, are well‐defined, discrete, and electronically active. NH3 molecules selectively adsorb at the step edges and nearly eliminate known trap‐like character, which is demonstrated by surface potential imaging. Consequently, the strategy can significantly boost the sensitivity of two‐terminal NH3 resistance sensors on thin crystals with a few steps while simultaneously enhancing the tolerance on thick crystals with dense steps. Incorporation of these crystals into parallel sensor arrays results in ppb–to–% level detection range and a convenient linear relation between sheet conductance and semi‐log NH3 concentration, allowing for the precise localization of vapor leakage. In general, the results suggest new opportunities for defect engineering of organic semiconductor crystal surfaces for purposeful vapor or chemical sensing.https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202308036Kelvin probe force microscopyNH3 sensororganic single crystalstep defectsultra‐broad detection range |
| spellingShingle | Bin Lu Matthias Stolte Dong Liu Xiaojing Zhang Lihui Zhao Liehao Tian C. Daniel Frisbie Frank Würthner Xutang Tao Tao He High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single Crystals Advanced Science Kelvin probe force microscopy NH3 sensor organic single crystal step defects ultra‐broad detection range |
| title | High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single Crystals |
| title_full | High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single Crystals |
| title_fullStr | High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single Crystals |
| title_full_unstemmed | High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single Crystals |
| title_short | High Sensitivity and Ultra‐Broad‐Range NH3 Sensor Arrays by Precise Control of Step Defects on The Surface of Cl2‐Ndi Single Crystals |
| title_sort | high sensitivity and ultra broad range nh3 sensor arrays by precise control of step defects on the surface of cl2 ndi single crystals |
| topic | Kelvin probe force microscopy NH3 sensor organic single crystal step defects ultra‐broad detection range |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202308036 |
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