Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin
Ghrelin and obestatin are two “sibling proteins” encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin’s functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been pe...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/517 |
| _version_ | 1797436751815376896 |
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| author | Daniel Villarreal Geetali Pradhan Yu Zhou Bingzhong Xue Yuxiang Sun |
| author_facet | Daniel Villarreal Geetali Pradhan Yu Zhou Bingzhong Xue Yuxiang Sun |
| author_sort | Daniel Villarreal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ghrelin and obestatin are two “sibling proteins” encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin’s functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been perceived to be antagonistic initially; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. While they have opposing effects in some systems, they function synergistically in other systems, with many functions remaining debatable. In this review, we discuss their functional relationship under three “C” categories, namely complex, complementary, and contradictory. Their functions in food intake, weight regulation, hydration, gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and insulin secretion are complex. Their functions in pancreatic beta cells, cardiovascular, muscle, neuroprotection, cancer, and digestive system are complementary. Their functions in white adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and sleep regulation are contradictory. Overall, this review accumulates the multifaceted functions of ghrelin and obestatin under both physiological and pathological conditions, with the intent of contributing to a better understanding of these two important gut hormones. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:06:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6a8c47889c3d482985abdcecf3065b78 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:06:06Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-6a8c47889c3d482985abdcecf3065b782023-12-01T00:55:42ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2022-03-0112451710.3390/biom12040517Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and ObestatinDaniel Villarreal0Geetali Pradhan1Yu Zhou2Bingzhong Xue3Yuxiang Sun4Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USAUSDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USADepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, ChinaDepartment of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USADepartment of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USAGhrelin and obestatin are two “sibling proteins” encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin’s functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been perceived to be antagonistic initially; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. While they have opposing effects in some systems, they function synergistically in other systems, with many functions remaining debatable. In this review, we discuss their functional relationship under three “C” categories, namely complex, complementary, and contradictory. Their functions in food intake, weight regulation, hydration, gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and insulin secretion are complex. Their functions in pancreatic beta cells, cardiovascular, muscle, neuroprotection, cancer, and digestive system are complementary. Their functions in white adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and sleep regulation are contradictory. Overall, this review accumulates the multifaceted functions of ghrelin and obestatin under both physiological and pathological conditions, with the intent of contributing to a better understanding of these two important gut hormones.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/517ghrelinobestatinGHS-RGPR39gastric peptides |
| spellingShingle | Daniel Villarreal Geetali Pradhan Yu Zhou Bingzhong Xue Yuxiang Sun Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin Biomolecules ghrelin obestatin GHS-R GPR39 gastric peptides |
| title | Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin |
| title_full | Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin |
| title_fullStr | Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin |
| title_short | Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin |
| title_sort | diverse and complementary effects of ghrelin and obestatin |
| topic | ghrelin obestatin GHS-R GPR39 gastric peptides |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/4/517 |
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