Exhaled-Breath Testing Using an Electronic Nose during Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Experimental Pilot Study
The increased awareness of discrepancies between self-reporting outcome measurements and objective outcome measurements within the field of neuromodulation has accelerated the search towards more objective measurements. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an electronic nose can differentia...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/13/2921 |
| _version_ | 1797528333263568896 |
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| author | Lisa Goudman Julie Jansen Nieke Vets Ann De Smedt Maarten Moens |
| author_facet | Lisa Goudman Julie Jansen Nieke Vets Ann De Smedt Maarten Moens |
| author_sort | Lisa Goudman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The increased awareness of discrepancies between self-reporting outcome measurements and objective outcome measurements within the field of neuromodulation has accelerated the search towards more objective measurements. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an electronic nose can differentiate between chronic pain patients in whom Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) was activated versus deactivated. Twenty-seven patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) participated in this prospective pilot study. Volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath were measured with electronic nose technology (Aeonose™) during SCS on and off states. Random forest was used with a leave-10%-out cross-validation method to determine accuracy of discriminating between SCS on and off states. Our random forest showed an accuracy of 0.56, with an area under the curve of 0.62, a sensitivity of 62% (95% CI: 41–79%) and a specificity of 50% (95% CI: 30–70%). Pain intensity scores were significantly different between both SCS states. Our findings indicate that we cannot discriminate between SCS off and on states based on exhaled breath with the Aeonose™ in patients with FBSS. In clinical practice, these findings imply that with a noninvasive electronic nose, exhaled breath cannot be used as an additional marker of the effect of neuromodulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:56:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6aee4260cbee480fa8d5d70398804079 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:56:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-6aee4260cbee480fa8d5d703988040792023-11-22T02:16:08ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-06-011013292110.3390/jcm10132921Exhaled-Breath Testing Using an Electronic Nose during Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Experimental Pilot StudyLisa Goudman0Julie Jansen1Nieke Vets2Ann De Smedt3Maarten Moens4Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumSTIMULUS Consortium (reSearch and TeachIng neuroModULation Uz bruSsel), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumDepartment of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, BelgiumThe increased awareness of discrepancies between self-reporting outcome measurements and objective outcome measurements within the field of neuromodulation has accelerated the search towards more objective measurements. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an electronic nose can differentiate between chronic pain patients in whom Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) was activated versus deactivated. Twenty-seven patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) participated in this prospective pilot study. Volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath were measured with electronic nose technology (Aeonose™) during SCS on and off states. Random forest was used with a leave-10%-out cross-validation method to determine accuracy of discriminating between SCS on and off states. Our random forest showed an accuracy of 0.56, with an area under the curve of 0.62, a sensitivity of 62% (95% CI: 41–79%) and a specificity of 50% (95% CI: 30–70%). Pain intensity scores were significantly different between both SCS states. Our findings indicate that we cannot discriminate between SCS off and on states based on exhaled breath with the Aeonose™ in patients with FBSS. In clinical practice, these findings imply that with a noninvasive electronic nose, exhaled breath cannot be used as an additional marker of the effect of neuromodulation.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/13/2921volatile organic compoundsbreath testselectronic noseneuromodulationchronic pain |
| spellingShingle | Lisa Goudman Julie Jansen Nieke Vets Ann De Smedt Maarten Moens Exhaled-Breath Testing Using an Electronic Nose during Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Experimental Pilot Study Journal of Clinical Medicine volatile organic compounds breath tests electronic nose neuromodulation chronic pain |
| title | Exhaled-Breath Testing Using an Electronic Nose during Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Experimental Pilot Study |
| title_full | Exhaled-Breath Testing Using an Electronic Nose during Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Experimental Pilot Study |
| title_fullStr | Exhaled-Breath Testing Using an Electronic Nose during Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Experimental Pilot Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exhaled-Breath Testing Using an Electronic Nose during Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Experimental Pilot Study |
| title_short | Exhaled-Breath Testing Using an Electronic Nose during Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: An Experimental Pilot Study |
| title_sort | exhaled breath testing using an electronic nose during spinal cord stimulation in patients with failed back surgery syndrome an experimental pilot study |
| topic | volatile organic compounds breath tests electronic nose neuromodulation chronic pain |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/13/2921 |
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