The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding Properties

The melt-quenching approach was used to prepare phosphate–titanite glasses with the composition P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>O-CaO-8KF-CaCl<sub>2</sub>-xTiO<sub>2</sub> (where x = 2, 4, and 6) in a mol %. The optical, physical,...

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Main Authors: Khalid I. Hussein, Mohammed S. Alqahtani, Khloud J. Alzahrani, Heba Y. Zahran, Ali M. Alshehri, Ibrahim S. Yahia, Manuela Reben, El Sayed Yousef
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-07-01
Series:Crystals
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/12/7/941
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author Khalid I. Hussein
Mohammed S. Alqahtani
Khloud J. Alzahrani
Heba Y. Zahran
Ali M. Alshehri
Ibrahim S. Yahia
Manuela Reben
El Sayed Yousef
author_facet Khalid I. Hussein
Mohammed S. Alqahtani
Khloud J. Alzahrani
Heba Y. Zahran
Ali M. Alshehri
Ibrahim S. Yahia
Manuela Reben
El Sayed Yousef
author_sort Khalid I. Hussein
collection DOAJ
description The melt-quenching approach was used to prepare phosphate–titanite glasses with the composition P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>O-CaO-8KF-CaCl<sub>2</sub>-xTiO<sub>2</sub> (where x = 2, 4, and 6) in a mol %. The optical, physical, and shielding properties, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), effective electron density (N<sub>eff</sub>), and effective atomic number (Z<sub>eff</sub>), of the glasses were investigated at energies ranging between 15 and 200 keV. The shielding parameters were investigated using recently developed software (MIKE). The optical properties were examined using devices such as UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy over wavelengths ranging between 190 and 2500 nm. The reported results showed that increasing the concentration of TiO<sub>2</sub> led to an increase in the density from 2.657 to 2.682 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and an increase in the OPD from 66.055 to 67.262 mol/L, while the molar volume (V<sub>M</sub>) and oxygen molar volume (V<sub>O</sub>) decreased from 39.21 to 39.101 cm<sup>3</sup>/mol and from 15.139 to 14.867 cm<sup>3</sup>/mol, respectively. The energy gap was found to decrease from 3.403 to 3.279 eV when the TiO<sub>2</sub> concentration increased. Furthermore, as the surface plasmon resonance of TiO<sub>2</sub> increases, so does its third-order susceptibility, non-linear refractive indices, linear attenuation, and mass attenuation. The shielding performance evaluation indicates that the most suitable energy range is between 15 and 50 keV. Based on the results, the PCKNT3 glass sample exhibits the highest attenuation performance of all of the samples tested.
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spelling doaj.art-6b26e10f8f5446c4852f96c45ca1ad372023-12-01T22:02:30ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522022-07-0112794110.3390/cryst12070941The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding PropertiesKhalid I. Hussein0Mohammed S. Alqahtani1Khloud J. Alzahrani2Heba Y. Zahran3Ali M. Alshehri4Ibrahim S. Yahia5Manuela Reben6El Sayed Yousef7Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi ArabiaPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi ArabiaPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi ArabiaPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH–University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, PolandPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi ArabiaThe melt-quenching approach was used to prepare phosphate–titanite glasses with the composition P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>O-CaO-8KF-CaCl<sub>2</sub>-xTiO<sub>2</sub> (where x = 2, 4, and 6) in a mol %. The optical, physical, and shielding properties, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), effective electron density (N<sub>eff</sub>), and effective atomic number (Z<sub>eff</sub>), of the glasses were investigated at energies ranging between 15 and 200 keV. The shielding parameters were investigated using recently developed software (MIKE). The optical properties were examined using devices such as UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy over wavelengths ranging between 190 and 2500 nm. The reported results showed that increasing the concentration of TiO<sub>2</sub> led to an increase in the density from 2.657 to 2.682 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and an increase in the OPD from 66.055 to 67.262 mol/L, while the molar volume (V<sub>M</sub>) and oxygen molar volume (V<sub>O</sub>) decreased from 39.21 to 39.101 cm<sup>3</sup>/mol and from 15.139 to 14.867 cm<sup>3</sup>/mol, respectively. The energy gap was found to decrease from 3.403 to 3.279 eV when the TiO<sub>2</sub> concentration increased. Furthermore, as the surface plasmon resonance of TiO<sub>2</sub> increases, so does its third-order susceptibility, non-linear refractive indices, linear attenuation, and mass attenuation. The shielding performance evaluation indicates that the most suitable energy range is between 15 and 50 keV. Based on the results, the PCKNT3 glass sample exhibits the highest attenuation performance of all of the samples tested.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/12/7/941phosphate–titanite glassesabsorbance spectraoptical energy gapthird-order susceptibilitynon-linear refractive indicesmass attenuation coefficient
spellingShingle Khalid I. Hussein
Mohammed S. Alqahtani
Khloud J. Alzahrani
Heba Y. Zahran
Ali M. Alshehri
Ibrahim S. Yahia
Manuela Reben
El Sayed Yousef
The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding Properties
Crystals
phosphate–titanite glasses
absorbance spectra
optical energy gap
third-order susceptibility
non-linear refractive indices
mass attenuation coefficient
title The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding Properties
title_full The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding Properties
title_fullStr The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding Properties
title_full_unstemmed The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding Properties
title_short The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding Properties
title_sort investigation of new phosphate titanite glasses according to optical physical and shielding properties
topic phosphate–titanite glasses
absorbance spectra
optical energy gap
third-order susceptibility
non-linear refractive indices
mass attenuation coefficient
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/12/7/941
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