Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan
Natural conditions in North and Central Kazakhstan and the energy potential of chestnut soil testify to the efficiency of agriculture, especially on irrigated lands. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is 35–50 cm, and the humus content is 3.0–3.5%. The majority of the humus (75%) is contained in a...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Land |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/3/672 |
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| author | Alexey Rau Yelzaveta Koibakova Balgabayev Nurlan Madina Nabiollina Zhanymhan Kurmanbek Yerlan Issakov Kai Zhu Lóránt Dénes Dávid |
| author_facet | Alexey Rau Yelzaveta Koibakova Balgabayev Nurlan Madina Nabiollina Zhanymhan Kurmanbek Yerlan Issakov Kai Zhu Lóránt Dénes Dávid |
| author_sort | Alexey Rau |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Natural conditions in North and Central Kazakhstan and the energy potential of chestnut soil testify to the efficiency of agriculture, especially on irrigated lands. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is 35–50 cm, and the humus content is 3.0–3.5%. The majority of the humus (75%) is contained in a half-meter layer, which emphasizes the short humus level. The phosphorus content, both gross and mobile, is very low at 0.98–0.031%. Potassium is in elevated amounts. Soils are most susceptible to the application of nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizers. According to the mechanical composition, chestnut soils are predominantly lightly loamy, light clays with substrates of souses. Salinization is low, with a salt content in the 0–100 cm soil layer of 0.10–0.20%. The mass of the arable soil layer is 1.3–1.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Deep plowing and loosening of soils improve the water and nutrition regime, creating good conditions for arid agriculture. With deep autumn plowing up to 30 cm, the accumulation of sediment and spring meltwater reaches 1200–1500 m<sup>3</sup>/ha more than in spring disposal. Deep plowing ensures absorption of irrigation water, eliminates run-off during irrigation, and reduces the number of crops requiring extra irrigation. In an average dry year, at 50% water availability and 70% soil moisture content (MC), the number of irrigations is 4, and the irrigation rate is 300–470 m<sup>3</sup>/ha; at 60% MC, 2 irrigations are performed, and the irrigation rate is 600–650 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. On irrigated land, the yield of cereals is 2.8–2.6 t/ha; perennial grasses, 3.0–4.5 t/ha; potatoes, 23.2–24.1 t/ha; carrots, 35.0–40.0 t/ha; and cabbage, 50.0–75.0 t/ha. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:18:13Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:18:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj.art-6b2bb5e04c3f493c82bbd8814fc134eb2023-11-17T12:07:46ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2023-03-0112367210.3390/land12030672Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central KazakhstanAlexey Rau0Yelzaveta Koibakova1Balgabayev Nurlan2Madina Nabiollina3Zhanymhan Kurmanbek4Yerlan Issakov5Kai Zhu6Lóránt Dénes Dávid7Department of Water Resources and Reclamation, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, KazakhstanDepartment of Biology and Agricultural Specialties, International Taraz Innovative Institute Named after Sh. Murtaza, Taraz 080012, KazakhstanKazakh Scientific Research Institute of Water Economy LLP, Taraz 080003, KazakhstanDepartment of Water Resources and Reclamation, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, KazakhstanDepartment of Water Resources and Reclamation, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, KazakhstanInstitute of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty 050010, KazakhstanFaculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, ChinaInstitute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, HungaryNatural conditions in North and Central Kazakhstan and the energy potential of chestnut soil testify to the efficiency of agriculture, especially on irrigated lands. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is 35–50 cm, and the humus content is 3.0–3.5%. The majority of the humus (75%) is contained in a half-meter layer, which emphasizes the short humus level. The phosphorus content, both gross and mobile, is very low at 0.98–0.031%. Potassium is in elevated amounts. Soils are most susceptible to the application of nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizers. According to the mechanical composition, chestnut soils are predominantly lightly loamy, light clays with substrates of souses. Salinization is low, with a salt content in the 0–100 cm soil layer of 0.10–0.20%. The mass of the arable soil layer is 1.3–1.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Deep plowing and loosening of soils improve the water and nutrition regime, creating good conditions for arid agriculture. With deep autumn plowing up to 30 cm, the accumulation of sediment and spring meltwater reaches 1200–1500 m<sup>3</sup>/ha more than in spring disposal. Deep plowing ensures absorption of irrigation water, eliminates run-off during irrigation, and reduces the number of crops requiring extra irrigation. In an average dry year, at 50% water availability and 70% soil moisture content (MC), the number of irrigations is 4, and the irrigation rate is 300–470 m<sup>3</sup>/ha; at 60% MC, 2 irrigations are performed, and the irrigation rate is 600–650 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. On irrigated land, the yield of cereals is 2.8–2.6 t/ha; perennial grasses, 3.0–4.5 t/ha; potatoes, 23.2–24.1 t/ha; carrots, 35.0–40.0 t/ha; and cabbage, 50.0–75.0 t/ha.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/3/672water regimefood regimeirrigation rateproductivityirrigated agriculturewater consumption |
| spellingShingle | Alexey Rau Yelzaveta Koibakova Balgabayev Nurlan Madina Nabiollina Zhanymhan Kurmanbek Yerlan Issakov Kai Zhu Lóránt Dénes Dávid Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan Land water regime food regime irrigation rate productivity irrigated agriculture water consumption |
| title | Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan |
| title_full | Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan |
| title_fullStr | Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan |
| title_short | Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan |
| title_sort | increase in productivity of chestnut soils on irrigated lands of northern and central kazakhstan |
| topic | water regime food regime irrigation rate productivity irrigated agriculture water consumption |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/3/672 |
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