Growth and Saxitoxin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Correlate with Water Hardness
The cosmopolitan and increasing distribution of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii can be attributed to its ecophysiological plasticity and tolerance to changing environmental factors in water bodies. In reservoirs in the semi-arid region of Brazil, the presence and common dominance of C. raciborskii ha...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2013-08-01
|
| Series: | Marine Drugs |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/8/2949 |
| _version_ | 1817990123318411264 |
|---|---|
| author | Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo Ana Beatriz Furlanetto Pacheco Ronaldo Leal Carneiro |
| author_facet | Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo Ana Beatriz Furlanetto Pacheco Ronaldo Leal Carneiro |
| author_sort | Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The cosmopolitan and increasing distribution of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii can be attributed to its ecophysiological plasticity and tolerance to changing environmental factors in water bodies. In reservoirs in the semi-arid region of Brazil, the presence and common dominance of C. raciborskii have been described in waters that are considered hard. We investigated the response of a Brazilian C. raciborskii strain to water hardness by evaluating its growth and saxitoxin production. Based on environmental data, a concentration of 5 mM of different carbonate salts was tested. These conditions affected growth either positively (MgCO3) or negatively (CaCO3 and Na2CO3). As a control for the addition of cations, MgCl2, CaCl2 and NaCl were tested at 5 or 10 mM, and MgCl2 stimulated growth, NaCl slowed but sustained growth, and CaCl2 inhibited growth. Most of the tested treatments increased the saxitoxin (STX) cell quota after six days of exposure. After 12 days, STX production returned to concentrations similar to that of the control, indicating an adaptation to the altered water conditions. In the short term, cell exposure to most of the tested conditions favored STX production over neoSTX production. These results support the noted plasticity of C. raciborskii and highlight its potential to thrive in hard waters. Additionally, the observed relationship between saxitoxin production and water ion concentrations characteristic of the natural environments can be important for understanding toxin content variation in other harmful algae that produce STX. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:55:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6b36fb089d8b459980f49ecd7b33ff25 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:55:27Z |
| publishDate | 2013-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-6b36fb089d8b459980f49ecd7b33ff252022-12-22T02:21:38ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972013-08-011182949296310.3390/md11082949Growth and Saxitoxin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Correlate with Water HardnessSandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e AzevedoAna Beatriz Furlanetto PachecoRonaldo Leal CarneiroThe cosmopolitan and increasing distribution of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii can be attributed to its ecophysiological plasticity and tolerance to changing environmental factors in water bodies. In reservoirs in the semi-arid region of Brazil, the presence and common dominance of C. raciborskii have been described in waters that are considered hard. We investigated the response of a Brazilian C. raciborskii strain to water hardness by evaluating its growth and saxitoxin production. Based on environmental data, a concentration of 5 mM of different carbonate salts was tested. These conditions affected growth either positively (MgCO3) or negatively (CaCO3 and Na2CO3). As a control for the addition of cations, MgCl2, CaCl2 and NaCl were tested at 5 or 10 mM, and MgCl2 stimulated growth, NaCl slowed but sustained growth, and CaCl2 inhibited growth. Most of the tested treatments increased the saxitoxin (STX) cell quota after six days of exposure. After 12 days, STX production returned to concentrations similar to that of the control, indicating an adaptation to the altered water conditions. In the short term, cell exposure to most of the tested conditions favored STX production over neoSTX production. These results support the noted plasticity of C. raciborskii and highlight its potential to thrive in hard waters. Additionally, the observed relationship between saxitoxin production and water ion concentrations characteristic of the natural environments can be important for understanding toxin content variation in other harmful algae that produce STX.http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/8/2949cyanobacteriasaxitoxinsparalytic shellfish poisoningwater hardnessionic effectgrowth |
| spellingShingle | Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo Ana Beatriz Furlanetto Pacheco Ronaldo Leal Carneiro Growth and Saxitoxin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Correlate with Water Hardness Marine Drugs cyanobacteria saxitoxins paralytic shellfish poisoning water hardness ionic effect growth |
| title | Growth and Saxitoxin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Correlate with Water Hardness |
| title_full | Growth and Saxitoxin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Correlate with Water Hardness |
| title_fullStr | Growth and Saxitoxin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Correlate with Water Hardness |
| title_full_unstemmed | Growth and Saxitoxin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Correlate with Water Hardness |
| title_short | Growth and Saxitoxin Production by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Correlate with Water Hardness |
| title_sort | growth and saxitoxin production by cylindrospermopsis raciborskii cyanobacteria correlate with water hardness |
| topic | cyanobacteria saxitoxins paralytic shellfish poisoning water hardness ionic effect growth |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/8/2949 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sandramariafelicianodeoliveiraeazevedo growthandsaxitoxinproductionbycylindrospermopsisraciborskiicyanobacteriacorrelatewithwaterhardness AT anabeatrizfurlanettopacheco growthandsaxitoxinproductionbycylindrospermopsisraciborskiicyanobacteriacorrelatewithwaterhardness AT ronaldolealcarneiro growthandsaxitoxinproductionbycylindrospermopsisraciborskiicyanobacteriacorrelatewithwaterhardness |