Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Dichloride (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato) Antimony Functionalized Pectin Biopolymer to Methylene Blue Adsorption
In this work, pectin biopolymers were functionalized with dichloride (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato) antimony [Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] at various compositions (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). The prepared compounds were characterized with several analytical methods, including X-ray fluorescence (...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/4/1030 |
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| author | Raoudha Soury Munirah Sulaiman Othman Alhar Mahjoub Jabli |
| author_facet | Raoudha Soury Munirah Sulaiman Othman Alhar Mahjoub Jabli |
| author_sort | Raoudha Soury |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, pectin biopolymers were functionalized with dichloride (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato) antimony [Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] at various compositions (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). The prepared compounds were characterized with several analytical methods, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric-differential thermal (TGA/DTG) analysis. The XRF technique evidenced the presence of Sb metal in the composite beads. FT-IR suggested that the interaction between pectin and the [Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] complex was assured by inter- and intramolecular C-H⋯O, C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and weak C–H⋯Cg π interactions (Cg is the centroid of the pyrrole and phenyl rings). The morphological features of the prepared polymeric beads were affected by the addition of [Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] particles, and the surface became rough. The thermal residual mass for the composite beads (29%) was more important than that of plain beads (23%), which confirmed the presence of inorganic matter in the modified polymeric beads. At 20 °C, the highest adsorption amounts of methylene blue were 39 mg/g and 68 mg/g for unmodified pectin and pectin-[Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] beads, respectively. The adsorption mechanism correlated well with the kinetic equation of the second order and the isotherm of Freundlich. The prepared polymeric beads were characterized as moderate-to-good adsorbents. The calculated thermodynamic parameters demonstrated an exothermic and thermodynamically nonspontaneous mechanism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:13:46Z |
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| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:13:46Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-6b7869f210524eb4aca7ea4e6daa32d42023-11-16T22:53:12ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-02-01154103010.3390/polym15041030Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Dichloride (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato) Antimony Functionalized Pectin Biopolymer to Methylene Blue AdsorptionRaoudha Soury0Munirah Sulaiman Othman Alhar1Mahjoub Jabli2Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Ha’il 81451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Ha’il 81451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi ArabiaIn this work, pectin biopolymers were functionalized with dichloride (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato) antimony [Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] at various compositions (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). The prepared compounds were characterized with several analytical methods, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric-differential thermal (TGA/DTG) analysis. The XRF technique evidenced the presence of Sb metal in the composite beads. FT-IR suggested that the interaction between pectin and the [Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] complex was assured by inter- and intramolecular C-H⋯O, C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and weak C–H⋯Cg π interactions (Cg is the centroid of the pyrrole and phenyl rings). The morphological features of the prepared polymeric beads were affected by the addition of [Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] particles, and the surface became rough. The thermal residual mass for the composite beads (29%) was more important than that of plain beads (23%), which confirmed the presence of inorganic matter in the modified polymeric beads. At 20 °C, the highest adsorption amounts of methylene blue were 39 mg/g and 68 mg/g for unmodified pectin and pectin-[Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>] beads, respectively. The adsorption mechanism correlated well with the kinetic equation of the second order and the isotherm of Freundlich. The prepared polymeric beads were characterized as moderate-to-good adsorbents. The calculated thermodynamic parameters demonstrated an exothermic and thermodynamically nonspontaneous mechanism.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/4/1030Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub>pectinadsorptionmethylene blueFreundlich |
| spellingShingle | Raoudha Soury Munirah Sulaiman Othman Alhar Mahjoub Jabli Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Dichloride (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato) Antimony Functionalized Pectin Biopolymer to Methylene Blue Adsorption Polymers Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub> pectin adsorption methylene blue Freundlich |
| title | Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Dichloride (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato) Antimony Functionalized Pectin Biopolymer to Methylene Blue Adsorption |
| title_full | Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Dichloride (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato) Antimony Functionalized Pectin Biopolymer to Methylene Blue Adsorption |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Dichloride (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato) Antimony Functionalized Pectin Biopolymer to Methylene Blue Adsorption |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Dichloride (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato) Antimony Functionalized Pectin Biopolymer to Methylene Blue Adsorption |
| title_short | Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Dichloride (5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrinato) Antimony Functionalized Pectin Biopolymer to Methylene Blue Adsorption |
| title_sort | synthesis characterization and application of dichloride 5 10 15 20 tetraphenylporphyrinato antimony functionalized pectin biopolymer to methylene blue adsorption |
| topic | Sb(TPP)Cl<sub>2</sub> pectin adsorption methylene blue Freundlich |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/4/1030 |
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