Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical Significance
Currently, for seemingly every type of cancer, dysregulated levels of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are reported and non-coding transcripts are expected to be the next class of diagnostic and therapeutic tools in oncology. Recently, alterations to the ncRNAs transcriptome have emerged as a novel hallmark...
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| author | Ligia I. Torsin George E. D. Petrescu Alexandru A. Sabo Baoqing Chen Felix M. Brehar Mihnea P. Dragomir George A. Calin |
| author_facet | Ligia I. Torsin George E. D. Petrescu Alexandru A. Sabo Baoqing Chen Felix M. Brehar Mihnea P. Dragomir George A. Calin |
| author_sort | Ligia I. Torsin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Currently, for seemingly every type of cancer, dysregulated levels of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are reported and non-coding transcripts are expected to be the next class of diagnostic and therapeutic tools in oncology. Recently, alterations to the ncRNAs transcriptome have emerged as a novel hallmark of cancer. Historically, ncRNAs were characterized mainly as regulators and little attention was paid to the mechanisms that regulate them. The role of modifications, which can control the function of ncRNAs post-transcriptionally, only recently began to emerge. Typically, these modifications can be divided into reversible (i.e., chemical modifications: m<sup>5</sup>C, hm<sup>5</sup>C, m<sup>6</sup>A, m<sup>1</sup>A, and pseudouridine) and non-reversible (i.e., editing: ADAR dependent, APOBEC dependent and ADAR/APOBEC independent). The first research papers showed that levels of these modifications are altered in cancer and can be part of the tumorigenic process. Hence, the aim of this review paper is to describe the most common regulatory modifications (editing and chemical modifications) of the traditionally considered “non-functional” ncRNAs (i.e., microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs) in the context of malignant disease. We consider that only by understanding this extra regulatory layer it is possible to translate the knowledge about ncRNAs and their modifications into clinical practice. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:32:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6b83196a90324d4da624ccf58d650f02 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:32:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-6b83196a90324d4da624ccf58d650f022023-12-03T12:31:27ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-01-0122258110.3390/ijms22020581Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical SignificanceLigia I. Torsin0George E. D. Petrescu1Alexandru A. Sabo2Baoqing Chen3Felix M. Brehar4Mihnea P. Dragomir5George A. Calin6Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Elias Clinical Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, RomaniaZentrum für Kinder, Jugend und Frauenmedizin, Pediatrics 2 (General and Special Pediatrics), Klinikum Stuttgart, Olgahospital, 70174 Stuttgart, GermanyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, RomaniaInstitute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USACurrently, for seemingly every type of cancer, dysregulated levels of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are reported and non-coding transcripts are expected to be the next class of diagnostic and therapeutic tools in oncology. Recently, alterations to the ncRNAs transcriptome have emerged as a novel hallmark of cancer. Historically, ncRNAs were characterized mainly as regulators and little attention was paid to the mechanisms that regulate them. The role of modifications, which can control the function of ncRNAs post-transcriptionally, only recently began to emerge. Typically, these modifications can be divided into reversible (i.e., chemical modifications: m<sup>5</sup>C, hm<sup>5</sup>C, m<sup>6</sup>A, m<sup>1</sup>A, and pseudouridine) and non-reversible (i.e., editing: ADAR dependent, APOBEC dependent and ADAR/APOBEC independent). The first research papers showed that levels of these modifications are altered in cancer and can be part of the tumorigenic process. Hence, the aim of this review paper is to describe the most common regulatory modifications (editing and chemical modifications) of the traditionally considered “non-functional” ncRNAs (i.e., microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs) in the context of malignant disease. We consider that only by understanding this extra regulatory layer it is possible to translate the knowledge about ncRNAs and their modifications into clinical practice.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/581RNA editingRNA chemical modificationscancernon-coding RNAmicroRNAlong non-coding RNA |
| spellingShingle | Ligia I. Torsin George E. D. Petrescu Alexandru A. Sabo Baoqing Chen Felix M. Brehar Mihnea P. Dragomir George A. Calin Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical Significance International Journal of Molecular Sciences RNA editing RNA chemical modifications cancer non-coding RNA microRNA long non-coding RNA |
| title | Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical Significance |
| title_full | Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical Significance |
| title_fullStr | Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical Significance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical Significance |
| title_short | Editing and Chemical Modifications on Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A New Tale with Clinical Significance |
| title_sort | editing and chemical modifications on non coding rnas in cancer a new tale with clinical significance |
| topic | RNA editing RNA chemical modifications cancer non-coding RNA microRNA long non-coding RNA |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/581 |
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