Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes infections in humans and a wide range of animal hosts. Wild boar is an important natural reservoir of HEV genotypes 3–6 (HEV-3–HEV-6), but comparative analysis of HEV infections in both feral and farmed wild boars remains limited. In this study, samples from 599 wild b...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/1/78 |
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| author | Jian-Yong Wu Xiao-Xiao Meng Yu-Rong Wei Hongduzi Bolati Eric H. Y. Lau Xue-Yun Yang |
| author_facet | Jian-Yong Wu Xiao-Xiao Meng Yu-Rong Wei Hongduzi Bolati Eric H. Y. Lau Xue-Yun Yang |
| author_sort | Jian-Yong Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes infections in humans and a wide range of animal hosts. Wild boar is an important natural reservoir of HEV genotypes 3–6 (HEV-3–HEV-6), but comparative analysis of HEV infections in both feral and farmed wild boars remains limited. In this study, samples from 599 wild boars were collected during 2017–2020, including 121 feral wild boars (collected 121 fecal, 121 serum, and 89 liver samples) and 478 farmed wild boars (collected 478 fecal and 478 serum samples). The presence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected by the HEV-IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. HEV RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), targeting the partial ORF1 genes from fecal and liver samples, and the obtained genes were further genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that 76.2% (95% CI 72.1–79.9) of farmed wild boars tested anti-HEV IgG seropositive, higher than that in feral wild boars (42.1%, 95% CI 33.2–51.5, <i>p</i> < 0.001). HEV seropositivity increased with age. Wild boar HEV infection presented a significant geographical difference (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but not between sex (<i>p</i> = 0.656) and age (<i>p</i> = 0.347). HEV RNA in fecal samples was detected in 13 (2.2%, 95% CI 1.2–3.7) out of 599 wild boars: 0.8% (95% CI 0.0–4.5, 1/121) of feral wild boars and 2.5% (95% CI 1.3–4.3, 12/478) of farmed wild boars. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all these viruses belonged to genotype HEV-4, and further grouped into sub-genotypes HEV-4a, HEV-4d, and HEV-4h, of which HEV-4a was first discovered in the wild boar populations in China. Our results suggested that farms could be a setting for amplification of HEV. The risk of HEV zoonotic transmission via rearing and consumption of farmed wild boars should be further assessed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:02:50Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-6b9607d7a13d4b25bb68f491c4bcaaa62023-12-01T01:09:17ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152022-12-011517810.3390/v15010078Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest ChinaJian-Yong Wu0Xiao-Xiao Meng1Yu-Rong Wei2Hongduzi Bolati3Eric H. Y. Lau4Xue-Yun Yang5Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830013, ChinaXinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830013, ChinaXinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830013, ChinaXinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830013, ChinaSchool of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaXinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830013, ChinaHepatitis E virus (HEV) causes infections in humans and a wide range of animal hosts. Wild boar is an important natural reservoir of HEV genotypes 3–6 (HEV-3–HEV-6), but comparative analysis of HEV infections in both feral and farmed wild boars remains limited. In this study, samples from 599 wild boars were collected during 2017–2020, including 121 feral wild boars (collected 121 fecal, 121 serum, and 89 liver samples) and 478 farmed wild boars (collected 478 fecal and 478 serum samples). The presence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected by the HEV-IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. HEV RNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), targeting the partial ORF1 genes from fecal and liver samples, and the obtained genes were further genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that 76.2% (95% CI 72.1–79.9) of farmed wild boars tested anti-HEV IgG seropositive, higher than that in feral wild boars (42.1%, 95% CI 33.2–51.5, <i>p</i> < 0.001). HEV seropositivity increased with age. Wild boar HEV infection presented a significant geographical difference (<i>p</i> < 0.001), but not between sex (<i>p</i> = 0.656) and age (<i>p</i> = 0.347). HEV RNA in fecal samples was detected in 13 (2.2%, 95% CI 1.2–3.7) out of 599 wild boars: 0.8% (95% CI 0.0–4.5, 1/121) of feral wild boars and 2.5% (95% CI 1.3–4.3, 12/478) of farmed wild boars. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all these viruses belonged to genotype HEV-4, and further grouped into sub-genotypes HEV-4a, HEV-4d, and HEV-4h, of which HEV-4a was first discovered in the wild boar populations in China. Our results suggested that farms could be a setting for amplification of HEV. The risk of HEV zoonotic transmission via rearing and consumption of farmed wild boars should be further assessed.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/1/78Hepatitis E virusgenotype 4prevalencephylogenetic analysiswild boar |
| spellingShingle | Jian-Yong Wu Xiao-Xiao Meng Yu-Rong Wei Hongduzi Bolati Eric H. Y. Lau Xue-Yun Yang Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China Viruses Hepatitis E virus genotype 4 prevalence phylogenetic analysis wild boar |
| title | Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China |
| title_full | Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China |
| title_short | Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Feral and Farmed Wild Boars in Xinjiang, Northwest China |
| title_sort | prevalence of hepatitis e virus hev in feral and farmed wild boars in xinjiang northwest china |
| topic | Hepatitis E virus genotype 4 prevalence phylogenetic analysis wild boar |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/1/78 |
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