Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment
In the present research, the removal of zinc from concentrated galvanic wastewater (pH 3.1, conductivity 20.31 mS/cm, salinity, 10.16 g/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 2900 mg O<sub>2</sub>/L, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 985 mg/L, zinc (Zn) 1534 mg/L and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (E...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/2/546 |
| _version_ | 1827622995003179008 |
|---|---|
| author | Maciej Thomas Zuzana Melichová Matej Šuránek Joanna Kuc Angelika Więckol-Ryk Paweł Lochyński |
| author_facet | Maciej Thomas Zuzana Melichová Matej Šuránek Joanna Kuc Angelika Więckol-Ryk Paweł Lochyński |
| author_sort | Maciej Thomas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the present research, the removal of zinc from concentrated galvanic wastewater (pH 3.1, conductivity 20.31 mS/cm, salinity, 10.16 g/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 2900 mg O<sub>2</sub>/L, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 985 mg/L, zinc (Zn) 1534 mg/L and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 70 mg/L) by combination of lime (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>) and sodium trithiocarbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub>) as precipitation agents is studied. Central Composite Design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied for modelling and optimizing the designed wastewater treatment process. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the experimental verification of the model confirmed the consistency of the experimental and estimated data calculated from the model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9173, R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj.</sub> = 0.8622). The use of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub> in the optimal condition calculated from the model (pH = 10.75 ± 0.10, V Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub> dose 0.043 mL/L and time = 5 min) resulted in a decrease in the concentration of Zn in treated wastewater by 99.99%. Other physicochemical parameters of wastewater also improved. Simultaneously, the application of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub> reduced the inhibition of activated sludge dehydrogenase from total inhibition (for raw wastewater) to −70% (for treated wastewater). Under the same conditions the phytotoxicity tests revealed that the seed germination index for the raw and treated wastewater increased from 10% to 50% and from 90% to 100% for white mustard (<i>Sinapis alba</i>) and garden cress (<i>Lepidium sativum</i> L.), respectively. The parameters of root and shoot growth showed a statistically significant improvement. Treated wastewater (1:10) showed a stimulating effect (shoot growth) compared to the control sample (GI = −116.7 and −57.9 for <i>S. alba</i> and <i>L. sativum</i> L., respectively). Thus, the use of Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub> is a viable option for the treatment of concentrated galvanic wastewater containing zinc. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:35:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6bb5d5c214f141fda2eddc9e0f4e4113 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:35:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-6bb5d5c214f141fda2eddc9e0f4e41132023-11-30T23:41:22ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-01-0128254610.3390/molecules28020546Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity AssessmentMaciej Thomas0Zuzana Melichová1Matej Šuránek2Joanna Kuc3Angelika Więckol-Ryk4Paweł Lochyński5Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovskeho 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, SlovakiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovskeho 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, SlovakiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, PolandDepartment of Extraction Technologies, Rockburst and Risk Assessment, Central Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, PolandInstitute of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-365 Wrocław, PolandIn the present research, the removal of zinc from concentrated galvanic wastewater (pH 3.1, conductivity 20.31 mS/cm, salinity, 10.16 g/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 2900 mg O<sub>2</sub>/L, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 985 mg/L, zinc (Zn) 1534 mg/L and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 70 mg/L) by combination of lime (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>) and sodium trithiocarbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub>) as precipitation agents is studied. Central Composite Design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied for modelling and optimizing the designed wastewater treatment process. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the experimental verification of the model confirmed the consistency of the experimental and estimated data calculated from the model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9173, R<sup>2</sup><sub>adj.</sub> = 0.8622). The use of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub> in the optimal condition calculated from the model (pH = 10.75 ± 0.10, V Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub> dose 0.043 mL/L and time = 5 min) resulted in a decrease in the concentration of Zn in treated wastewater by 99.99%. Other physicochemical parameters of wastewater also improved. Simultaneously, the application of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub> reduced the inhibition of activated sludge dehydrogenase from total inhibition (for raw wastewater) to −70% (for treated wastewater). Under the same conditions the phytotoxicity tests revealed that the seed germination index for the raw and treated wastewater increased from 10% to 50% and from 90% to 100% for white mustard (<i>Sinapis alba</i>) and garden cress (<i>Lepidium sativum</i> L.), respectively. The parameters of root and shoot growth showed a statistically significant improvement. Treated wastewater (1:10) showed a stimulating effect (shoot growth) compared to the control sample (GI = −116.7 and −57.9 for <i>S. alba</i> and <i>L. sativum</i> L., respectively). Thus, the use of Na<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub> is a viable option for the treatment of concentrated galvanic wastewater containing zinc.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/2/546zincsodium trithiocarbonatecoagulationresponse surface methodologyphytotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Maciej Thomas Zuzana Melichová Matej Šuránek Joanna Kuc Angelika Więckol-Ryk Paweł Lochyński Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment Molecules zinc sodium trithiocarbonate coagulation response surface methodology phytotoxicity |
| title | Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment |
| title_full | Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment |
| title_fullStr | Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment |
| title_short | Removal of Zinc from Concentrated Galvanic Wastewater by Sodium Trithiocarbonate: Process Optimization and Toxicity Assessment |
| title_sort | removal of zinc from concentrated galvanic wastewater by sodium trithiocarbonate process optimization and toxicity assessment |
| topic | zinc sodium trithiocarbonate coagulation response surface methodology phytotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/2/546 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT maciejthomas removalofzincfromconcentratedgalvanicwastewaterbysodiumtrithiocarbonateprocessoptimizationandtoxicityassessment AT zuzanamelichova removalofzincfromconcentratedgalvanicwastewaterbysodiumtrithiocarbonateprocessoptimizationandtoxicityassessment AT matejsuranek removalofzincfromconcentratedgalvanicwastewaterbysodiumtrithiocarbonateprocessoptimizationandtoxicityassessment AT joannakuc removalofzincfromconcentratedgalvanicwastewaterbysodiumtrithiocarbonateprocessoptimizationandtoxicityassessment AT angelikawieckolryk removalofzincfromconcentratedgalvanicwastewaterbysodiumtrithiocarbonateprocessoptimizationandtoxicityassessment AT pawełlochynski removalofzincfromconcentratedgalvanicwastewaterbysodiumtrithiocarbonateprocessoptimizationandtoxicityassessment |