Synthesizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Outputs for Clastic Rocks Using Machine Learning Methods, Examples from North West Shelf and Perth Basin, Western Australia
A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging tool can provide important rock and fluid properties that are necessary for a reliable reservoir evaluation. Pore size distribution based on <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> relaxation time and resulting permeability are among those parameters t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/2/518 |
| _version_ | 1797494390235594752 |
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| author | Reza Rezaee |
| author_facet | Reza Rezaee |
| author_sort | Reza Rezaee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging tool can provide important rock and fluid properties that are necessary for a reliable reservoir evaluation. Pore size distribution based on <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> relaxation time and resulting permeability are among those parameters that cannot be provided by conventional logging tools. For wells drilled before the 1990s and for many recent wells there is no NMR data available due to the tool availability and the logging cost, respectively. This study used a large database of combinable magnetic resonance (CMR) to assess the performance of several well-known machine learning (ML) methods to generate some of the NMR tool’s outputs for clastic rocks using typical well-logs as inputs. NMR tool’s outputs, such as clay bound water (CBW), irreducible pore fluid (known as bulk volume irreducible, BVI), producible fluid (known as the free fluid index, FFI), logarithmic mean of <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> relaxation time (<i>T</i><sub>2<i>LM</i></sub>), irreducible water saturation (<i>S<sub>wirr</sub></i>), and permeability from Coates and SDR models were generated in this study. The well logs were collected from 14 wells of Western Australia (WA) within 3 offshore basins. About 80% of the data points were used for training and validation purposes and 20% of the whole data was kept as a blind set with no involvement in the training process to check the validity of the ML methods. The comparison of results shows that the Adaptive Boosting, known as AdaBoost model, has given the most impressive performance to predict CBW, FFI, permeability, <i>T</i><sub>2<i>LM</i></sub>, and <i>S<sub>Wirr</sub></i> for the blind set with R2 more than 0.9. The accuracy of the ML model for the blind dataset suggests that the approach can be used to generate NMR tool outputs with high accuracy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:33:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6bc6d8083b8a4996b683c76e96d07fdb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:33:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-6bc6d8083b8a4996b683c76e96d07fdb2023-11-23T13:37:33ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732022-01-0115251810.3390/en15020518Synthesizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Outputs for Clastic Rocks Using Machine Learning Methods, Examples from North West Shelf and Perth Basin, Western AustraliaReza Rezaee0Western Australian School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6151, AustraliaA nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging tool can provide important rock and fluid properties that are necessary for a reliable reservoir evaluation. Pore size distribution based on <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> relaxation time and resulting permeability are among those parameters that cannot be provided by conventional logging tools. For wells drilled before the 1990s and for many recent wells there is no NMR data available due to the tool availability and the logging cost, respectively. This study used a large database of combinable magnetic resonance (CMR) to assess the performance of several well-known machine learning (ML) methods to generate some of the NMR tool’s outputs for clastic rocks using typical well-logs as inputs. NMR tool’s outputs, such as clay bound water (CBW), irreducible pore fluid (known as bulk volume irreducible, BVI), producible fluid (known as the free fluid index, FFI), logarithmic mean of <i>T</i><sub>2</sub> relaxation time (<i>T</i><sub>2<i>LM</i></sub>), irreducible water saturation (<i>S<sub>wirr</sub></i>), and permeability from Coates and SDR models were generated in this study. The well logs were collected from 14 wells of Western Australia (WA) within 3 offshore basins. About 80% of the data points were used for training and validation purposes and 20% of the whole data was kept as a blind set with no involvement in the training process to check the validity of the ML methods. The comparison of results shows that the Adaptive Boosting, known as AdaBoost model, has given the most impressive performance to predict CBW, FFI, permeability, <i>T</i><sub>2<i>LM</i></sub>, and <i>S<sub>Wirr</sub></i> for the blind set with R2 more than 0.9. The accuracy of the ML model for the blind dataset suggests that the approach can be used to generate NMR tool outputs with high accuracy.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/2/518nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logsCMRlog generationclastic rocksmachine learningAdaBoost |
| spellingShingle | Reza Rezaee Synthesizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Outputs for Clastic Rocks Using Machine Learning Methods, Examples from North West Shelf and Perth Basin, Western Australia Energies nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs CMR log generation clastic rocks machine learning AdaBoost |
| title | Synthesizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Outputs for Clastic Rocks Using Machine Learning Methods, Examples from North West Shelf and Perth Basin, Western Australia |
| title_full | Synthesizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Outputs for Clastic Rocks Using Machine Learning Methods, Examples from North West Shelf and Perth Basin, Western Australia |
| title_fullStr | Synthesizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Outputs for Clastic Rocks Using Machine Learning Methods, Examples from North West Shelf and Perth Basin, Western Australia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Outputs for Clastic Rocks Using Machine Learning Methods, Examples from North West Shelf and Perth Basin, Western Australia |
| title_short | Synthesizing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Outputs for Clastic Rocks Using Machine Learning Methods, Examples from North West Shelf and Perth Basin, Western Australia |
| title_sort | synthesizing nuclear magnetic resonance nmr outputs for clastic rocks using machine learning methods examples from north west shelf and perth basin western australia |
| topic | nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs CMR log generation clastic rocks machine learning AdaBoost |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/2/518 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rezarezaee synthesizingnuclearmagneticresonancenmroutputsforclasticrocksusingmachinelearningmethodsexamplesfromnorthwestshelfandperthbasinwesternaustralia |