Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands
In this work, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we present new insights into the genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of <i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> of western Iberia and the Azores and Madeira islands and of <i>B. macrocarpa</i...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Diversity |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/11/593 |
| _version_ | 1797510583731355648 |
|---|---|
| author | Maria Manuela Veloso Maria Cristina Simões-Costa Joana Bagoin Guimarães Carla Marques Ribeiro Isabel Evaristo Dalila Espírito-Santo Cândido Pinto-Ricardo Octávio S. Paulo Maria Cristina Duarte |
| author_facet | Maria Manuela Veloso Maria Cristina Simões-Costa Joana Bagoin Guimarães Carla Marques Ribeiro Isabel Evaristo Dalila Espírito-Santo Cândido Pinto-Ricardo Octávio S. Paulo Maria Cristina Duarte |
| author_sort | Maria Manuela Veloso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we present new insights into the genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of <i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> of western Iberia and the Azores and Madeira islands and of <i>B. macrocarpa</i> from southern Portugal. <i>B. macrocarpa</i> occurs only in southern Portugal and frequently in sympatry with <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>, showing genetic introgression. <i>B. macrocarpa</i> has a better-defined structure than <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>, which has a high degree of admixture. A great differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub> ranging from 0.277 to 0.184) was observed among the northern populations of <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>. In contrast, only a small differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub> ranging from 0.000 to 0.026) was detected among the southern <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> populations. The inland <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> populations (“RIO” and “VMT”) are distinct from each other, which also occurs with the two islands’ populations (“MAD” and “AZO”). The existence of two distinct Atlantic Sea currents can explain the fact that Madeira is related to the southern populations, while the Azores is related to the northern populations. We consider that understanding the relationships existing within <i>Beta</i> spp. is key to future genetic studies and for the establishment of conservation measures. Our results show that the southern coastal areas of Portugal should be considered as a potential site for in situ conservation of the beet wild relatives. Special attention is needed in what concerns <i>B. macrocarpa</i> because this is a rare species that also occurs in a sympatric relationship with <i>B</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:33:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6bca7e2b910c45e5a302e007c2b529a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-2818 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:33:22Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diversity |
| spelling | doaj.art-6bca7e2b910c45e5a302e007c2b529a22023-11-22T23:04:35ZengMDPI AGDiversity1424-28182021-11-01131159310.3390/d13110593Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira IslandsMaria Manuela Veloso0Maria Cristina Simões-Costa1Joana Bagoin Guimarães2Carla Marques Ribeiro3Isabel Evaristo4Dalila Espírito-Santo5Cândido Pinto-Ricardo6Octávio S. Paulo7Maria Cristina Duarte8Unidade de Investigação de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, PortugalLinking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF Research Center), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, PortugalUnidade de Investigação de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, PortugalCentre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalUnidade de Investigação de Sistemas Agrários Florestais e Sanidade Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, PortugalLinking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF Research Center), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-501 Oeiras, PortugalCentre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalCentre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalIn this work, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we present new insights into the genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of <i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> of western Iberia and the Azores and Madeira islands and of <i>B. macrocarpa</i> from southern Portugal. <i>B. macrocarpa</i> occurs only in southern Portugal and frequently in sympatry with <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>, showing genetic introgression. <i>B. macrocarpa</i> has a better-defined structure than <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>, which has a high degree of admixture. A great differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub> ranging from 0.277 to 0.184) was observed among the northern populations of <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>. In contrast, only a small differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub> ranging from 0.000 to 0.026) was detected among the southern <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> populations. The inland <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> populations (“RIO” and “VMT”) are distinct from each other, which also occurs with the two islands’ populations (“MAD” and “AZO”). The existence of two distinct Atlantic Sea currents can explain the fact that Madeira is related to the southern populations, while the Azores is related to the northern populations. We consider that understanding the relationships existing within <i>Beta</i> spp. is key to future genetic studies and for the establishment of conservation measures. Our results show that the southern coastal areas of Portugal should be considered as a potential site for in situ conservation of the beet wild relatives. Special attention is needed in what concerns <i>B. macrocarpa</i> because this is a rare species that also occurs in a sympatric relationship with <i>B</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/11/593wild beet populationsIberian Peninsula<i>F</i>-statisticsgenetic differentiationpopulation structuringadmixture |
| spellingShingle | Maria Manuela Veloso Maria Cristina Simões-Costa Joana Bagoin Guimarães Carla Marques Ribeiro Isabel Evaristo Dalila Espírito-Santo Cândido Pinto-Ricardo Octávio S. Paulo Maria Cristina Duarte Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands Diversity wild beet populations Iberian Peninsula <i>F</i>-statistics genetic differentiation population structuring admixture |
| title | Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands |
| title_full | Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands |
| title_fullStr | Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands |
| title_short | Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands |
| title_sort | genetic diversity and population structure of wild beets i beta i spp from the western iberian peninsula and the azores and madeira islands |
| topic | wild beet populations Iberian Peninsula <i>F</i>-statistics genetic differentiation population structuring admixture |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/11/593 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mariamanuelaveloso geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands AT mariacristinasimoescosta geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands AT joanabagoinguimaraes geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands AT carlamarquesribeiro geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands AT isabelevaristo geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands AT dalilaespiritosanto geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands AT candidopintoricardo geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands AT octaviospaulo geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands AT mariacristinaduarte geneticdiversityandpopulationstructureofwildbeetsibetaisppfromthewesterniberianpeninsulaandtheazoresandmadeiraislands |