<sup>1</sup>H NMR Profiling of the Venom from <i>Hylesia continua</i>: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism
Lepidopterism caused by caterpillar contact is considered a public health problem around the world. The local and systemic responses of this pathology include short- and long-term inflammatory events. Although the proteolytic activity of the venoms from caterpillars is strongly associated with an in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/101 |
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| author | Nemesio Villa-Ruano Elvia Becerra-Martínez José María Cunill-Flores Jorge Ariel Torres-Castillo Guillermo M. Horta-Valerdi Yesenia Pacheco-Hernández |
| author_facet | Nemesio Villa-Ruano Elvia Becerra-Martínez José María Cunill-Flores Jorge Ariel Torres-Castillo Guillermo M. Horta-Valerdi Yesenia Pacheco-Hernández |
| author_sort | Nemesio Villa-Ruano |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lepidopterism caused by caterpillar contact is considered a public health problem around the world. The local and systemic responses of this pathology include short- and long-term inflammatory events. Although the proteolytic activity of the venoms from caterpillars is strongly associated with an inflammatory response in humans and murine models, fast and acute symptoms such as a burning sensation, itching, and pain should be related to the presence of low-weight hydrophilic molecules which easily influence cell metabolism. This investigation reports on the <sup>1</sup>H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) profiling of the venom from the larva of <i>Hylesia continua</i>, a caterpillar linked to frequent cases of lepidopterism in the northern highlands of Puebla, Mexico. According to one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR data, the venom of <i>H. continua</i> contained 19 compounds with proven pain-inducing activity (i.e., acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, succinic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, ethanol, and glutamate), inflammatory activity (i.e., cadaverine, putrescine, and acetoin), as well as natural immunosuppressive activity (i.e., O-phosphocholine and urocanic acid). The levels of the 19 compounds were calculated using quantitative-NMR (qNMR) and extensively discussed on the basis of their toxic properties which partially explain typical symptoms of lepidopterism caused by the larvae of <i>H. continua</i>. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation reporting a complex mixture of small molecules with inflammatory properties dissolved in the venom of a lepidopteran larva. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6bd26c80aa6f418587712a866744d9dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-6bd26c80aa6f418587712a866744d9dc2023-11-16T23:38:34ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-01-0115210110.3390/toxins15020101<sup>1</sup>H NMR Profiling of the Venom from <i>Hylesia continua</i>: Implications of Small Molecules for LepidopterismNemesio Villa-Ruano0Elvia Becerra-Martínez1José María Cunill-Flores2Jorge Ariel Torres-Castillo3Guillermo M. Horta-Valerdi4Yesenia Pacheco-Hernández5CONACyT-Centro Universitario de Vinculación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, MexicoCentro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City 07738, MexicoIngeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Puebla, Popocatépetl s/n, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Tres Cerritos, Puebla 72480, MexicoInstituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ave. División del Golfo 356, Colonia Libertad, Ciudad Victoria 87019, MexicoIngeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Puebla, Popocatépetl s/n, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Tres Cerritos, Puebla 72480, MexicoIngeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Metropolitana de Puebla, Popocatépetl s/n, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Tres Cerritos, Puebla 72480, MexicoLepidopterism caused by caterpillar contact is considered a public health problem around the world. The local and systemic responses of this pathology include short- and long-term inflammatory events. Although the proteolytic activity of the venoms from caterpillars is strongly associated with an inflammatory response in humans and murine models, fast and acute symptoms such as a burning sensation, itching, and pain should be related to the presence of low-weight hydrophilic molecules which easily influence cell metabolism. This investigation reports on the <sup>1</sup>H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) profiling of the venom from the larva of <i>Hylesia continua</i>, a caterpillar linked to frequent cases of lepidopterism in the northern highlands of Puebla, Mexico. According to one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR data, the venom of <i>H. continua</i> contained 19 compounds with proven pain-inducing activity (i.e., acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, succinic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, ethanol, and glutamate), inflammatory activity (i.e., cadaverine, putrescine, and acetoin), as well as natural immunosuppressive activity (i.e., O-phosphocholine and urocanic acid). The levels of the 19 compounds were calculated using quantitative-NMR (qNMR) and extensively discussed on the basis of their toxic properties which partially explain typical symptoms of lepidopterism caused by the larvae of <i>H. continua</i>. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation reporting a complex mixture of small molecules with inflammatory properties dissolved in the venom of a lepidopteran larva.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/101<i>Hylesia continua</i>lepidopterisminflammationpain-inducingsmall molecules |
| spellingShingle | Nemesio Villa-Ruano Elvia Becerra-Martínez José María Cunill-Flores Jorge Ariel Torres-Castillo Guillermo M. Horta-Valerdi Yesenia Pacheco-Hernández <sup>1</sup>H NMR Profiling of the Venom from <i>Hylesia continua</i>: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism Toxins <i>Hylesia continua</i> lepidopterism inflammation pain-inducing small molecules |
| title | <sup>1</sup>H NMR Profiling of the Venom from <i>Hylesia continua</i>: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism |
| title_full | <sup>1</sup>H NMR Profiling of the Venom from <i>Hylesia continua</i>: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism |
| title_fullStr | <sup>1</sup>H NMR Profiling of the Venom from <i>Hylesia continua</i>: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism |
| title_full_unstemmed | <sup>1</sup>H NMR Profiling of the Venom from <i>Hylesia continua</i>: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism |
| title_short | <sup>1</sup>H NMR Profiling of the Venom from <i>Hylesia continua</i>: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism |
| title_sort | sup 1 sup h nmr profiling of the venom from i hylesia continua i implications of small molecules for lepidopterism |
| topic | <i>Hylesia continua</i> lepidopterism inflammation pain-inducing small molecules |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/101 |
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