A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering
Hydrogels have been used as scaffolds for biomineralization in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for the repair and treatment of many tissue types. In the present work, we studied an amino acid-based material that is attached to protecting groups and self-assembles into biocompatible and...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8928 |
| _version_ | 1797456523982536704 |
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| author | Katerina Petropoulou Varvara Platania Maria Chatzinikolaidou Anna Mitraki |
| author_facet | Katerina Petropoulou Varvara Platania Maria Chatzinikolaidou Anna Mitraki |
| author_sort | Katerina Petropoulou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydrogels have been used as scaffolds for biomineralization in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for the repair and treatment of many tissue types. In the present work, we studied an amino acid-based material that is attached to protecting groups and self-assembles into biocompatible and stable nanostructures that are suitable for tissue engineering applications. Specifically, the doubly protected aspartic residue (Asp) with fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting groups have been shown to lead to the formation of well-ordered fibrous structures. Many amino acids and small peptides which are modified with protecting groups display relatively fast self-assembly and exhibit remarkable physicochemical properties leading to three-dimensional (3D) networks, the trapping of solvent molecules, and forming hydrogels. In this study, the self-assembling fibrous structures are targeted toward calcium binding and act as nucleation points for the binding of the available phosphate groups. The cell viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblastic cells cultured on the formed hydrogel under various conditions demonstrate that hydrogel formation in CaCl<sub>2</sub> and CaCl<sub>2</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> solutions lead to calcium ion binding onto the hydrogels and enrichment with phosphate groups, respectively, rendering these mechanically stable hydrogels osteoinductive scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:09:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6be339ec3734453a9b9843b5181a9ff6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:09:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-6be339ec3734453a9b9843b5181a9ff62023-11-24T16:24:05ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-12-011524892810.3390/ma15248928A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue EngineeringKaterina Petropoulou0Varvara Platania1Maria Chatzinikolaidou2Anna Mitraki3Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceDepartment of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceDepartment of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceDepartment of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceHydrogels have been used as scaffolds for biomineralization in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for the repair and treatment of many tissue types. In the present work, we studied an amino acid-based material that is attached to protecting groups and self-assembles into biocompatible and stable nanostructures that are suitable for tissue engineering applications. Specifically, the doubly protected aspartic residue (Asp) with fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting groups have been shown to lead to the formation of well-ordered fibrous structures. Many amino acids and small peptides which are modified with protecting groups display relatively fast self-assembly and exhibit remarkable physicochemical properties leading to three-dimensional (3D) networks, the trapping of solvent molecules, and forming hydrogels. In this study, the self-assembling fibrous structures are targeted toward calcium binding and act as nucleation points for the binding of the available phosphate groups. The cell viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblastic cells cultured on the formed hydrogel under various conditions demonstrate that hydrogel formation in CaCl<sub>2</sub> and CaCl<sub>2</sub>-Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub> solutions lead to calcium ion binding onto the hydrogels and enrichment with phosphate groups, respectively, rendering these mechanically stable hydrogels osteoinductive scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8928fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)self-assemblyamyloid fibrilsinjectable hydrogelcompositecalcium ion binding |
| spellingShingle | Katerina Petropoulou Varvara Platania Maria Chatzinikolaidou Anna Mitraki A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering Materials fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) self-assembly amyloid fibrils injectable hydrogel composite calcium ion binding |
| title | A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering |
| title_full | A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering |
| title_fullStr | A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering |
| title_short | A Doubly Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid Self-Assembles into Hydrogels Suitable for Bone Tissue Engineering |
| title_sort | doubly fmoc protected aspartic acid self assembles into hydrogels suitable for bone tissue engineering |
| topic | fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) self-assembly amyloid fibrils injectable hydrogel composite calcium ion binding |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8928 |
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