Intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration: experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within Peru
Abstract Background Migration is recognized as a key determinant of health. Yet, limited research addresses the arc of intranational migration and, even less, the experiences of transgender (trans) adolescents and women migrants and the associated health vulnerabilities. Using intersectional stigma...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-06-01
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| Series: | BMC Public Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15985-1 |
| _version_ | 1797795455024758784 |
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| author | Amaya Perez-Brumer Ximena Salazar Aron Nunez-Curto Lynne D’Amico Rodrigo Aguayo-Romero Sari L. Reisner Alfonso Silva-Santisteban |
| author_facet | Amaya Perez-Brumer Ximena Salazar Aron Nunez-Curto Lynne D’Amico Rodrigo Aguayo-Romero Sari L. Reisner Alfonso Silva-Santisteban |
| author_sort | Amaya Perez-Brumer |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Migration is recognized as a key determinant of health. Yet, limited research addresses the arc of intranational migration and, even less, the experiences of transgender (trans) adolescents and women migrants and the associated health vulnerabilities. Using intersectional stigma as a theoretical frame, this study seeks to better understand the sexual health vulnerabilities and needs of trans women migrants in Peru. Methods Between October and November 2016, in-depth interviews (n = 14) and two focus groups (n = 20) were conducted in Spanish with trans women in three Peruvian cities. To explore pre- and during migration experiences, focus groups were conducted in Pucallpa and Iquitos, key cities in the Amazon where trajectories often originate. To assess during migration and post-migration experiences, we conducted interviews in Pucallpa, Iquitos, and Lima to better understand processes of relocation. Audio files were transcribed verbatim and analysed via an immersion crystallization approach, an inductive and iterative process, using Dedoose (v.6.1.18). Results Participants described migration as an arc and, thus, results are presented in three phases: pre-migration; during migration; and post-migration. Intersectional stigma was identified as a transversal theme throughout the three stages of migration. The pre-migration stage was characterized by poverty, transphobia, and violence frequently motivating the decision to migrate to a larger city. Exploitation was also described as pervasive during migration and in relocation. Many participants spoke of their introduction to sex work during migration, as key to economic earning and associated violence (police, clients). Conclusion Findings advance understandings of intranational migration and forced displacement as key determinants of trans women’s health. Dimensions of violence at the intersection of classism and cisgenderism render trans women highly vulnerable at every step of their migratory journeys. Experiences of intranational mobility and relocation were described as uniquely tied to age, intersectional transphobic stigma, engagement in sex work, and multiple forms of violence, which impact and can magnify sexual health vulnerabilities for transgender women in Peru who migrated intranationally. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T03:18:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6c176ddc215143ddb7ef39e3a14a28c6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T03:18:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-6c176ddc215143ddb7ef39e3a14a28c62023-06-25T11:31:02ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582023-06-0123111010.1186/s12889-023-15985-1Intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration: experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within PeruAmaya Perez-Brumer0Ximena Salazar1Aron Nunez-Curto2Lynne D’Amico3Rodrigo Aguayo-Romero4Sari L. Reisner5Alfonso Silva-Santisteban6Division of Social and Behavioural Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Sexuality, AIDS and Society, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Sexuality, AIDS and Society, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaKnowledge-Shaping Solutions, LLCBrigham and Women’s HospitalBrigham and Women’s Hospital Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Sexuality, AIDS and Society, Universidad Peruana Cayetano HerediaAbstract Background Migration is recognized as a key determinant of health. Yet, limited research addresses the arc of intranational migration and, even less, the experiences of transgender (trans) adolescents and women migrants and the associated health vulnerabilities. Using intersectional stigma as a theoretical frame, this study seeks to better understand the sexual health vulnerabilities and needs of trans women migrants in Peru. Methods Between October and November 2016, in-depth interviews (n = 14) and two focus groups (n = 20) were conducted in Spanish with trans women in three Peruvian cities. To explore pre- and during migration experiences, focus groups were conducted in Pucallpa and Iquitos, key cities in the Amazon where trajectories often originate. To assess during migration and post-migration experiences, we conducted interviews in Pucallpa, Iquitos, and Lima to better understand processes of relocation. Audio files were transcribed verbatim and analysed via an immersion crystallization approach, an inductive and iterative process, using Dedoose (v.6.1.18). Results Participants described migration as an arc and, thus, results are presented in three phases: pre-migration; during migration; and post-migration. Intersectional stigma was identified as a transversal theme throughout the three stages of migration. The pre-migration stage was characterized by poverty, transphobia, and violence frequently motivating the decision to migrate to a larger city. Exploitation was also described as pervasive during migration and in relocation. Many participants spoke of their introduction to sex work during migration, as key to economic earning and associated violence (police, clients). Conclusion Findings advance understandings of intranational migration and forced displacement as key determinants of trans women’s health. Dimensions of violence at the intersection of classism and cisgenderism render trans women highly vulnerable at every step of their migratory journeys. Experiences of intranational mobility and relocation were described as uniquely tied to age, intersectional transphobic stigma, engagement in sex work, and multiple forms of violence, which impact and can magnify sexual health vulnerabilities for transgender women in Peru who migrated intranationally.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15985-1Transgender adolescentsTransgender womenIntranational migrationIntersectional stigmaTransphobiaLatin America |
| spellingShingle | Amaya Perez-Brumer Ximena Salazar Aron Nunez-Curto Lynne D’Amico Rodrigo Aguayo-Romero Sari L. Reisner Alfonso Silva-Santisteban Intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration: experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within Peru BMC Public Health Transgender adolescents Transgender women Intranational migration Intersectional stigma Transphobia Latin America |
| title | Intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration: experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within Peru |
| title_full | Intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration: experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within Peru |
| title_fullStr | Intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration: experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within Peru |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration: experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within Peru |
| title_short | Intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration: experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within Peru |
| title_sort | intersectional stigma and the arc of intranational migration experiences of transgender adolescents and women who migrate within peru |
| topic | Transgender adolescents Transgender women Intranational migration Intersectional stigma Transphobia Latin America |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15985-1 |
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