Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities
Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters bo...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/12/2/128 |
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| author | Erin K. Purcell Michael F. Becker Yue Guo Seth A. Hara Kip A. Ludwig Collin J. McKinney Elizabeth M. Monroe Robert Rechenberg Cory A. Rusinek Akash Saxena James R. Siegenthaler Caryl E. Sortwell Cort H. Thompson James K. Trevathan Suzanne Witt Wen Li |
| author_facet | Erin K. Purcell Michael F. Becker Yue Guo Seth A. Hara Kip A. Ludwig Collin J. McKinney Elizabeth M. Monroe Robert Rechenberg Cory A. Rusinek Akash Saxena James R. Siegenthaler Caryl E. Sortwell Cort H. Thompson James K. Trevathan Suzanne Witt Wen Li |
| author_sort | Erin K. Purcell |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (<i>sp</i><sup>3</sup>-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, <i>sp</i><sup>2</sup>/<i>sp</i><sup>3</sup> character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. We highlight our team’s progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:39:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6c43bb7c9ab7476eb62fe342aab94ff5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:39:26Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj.art-6c43bb7c9ab7476eb62fe342aab94ff52023-12-03T14:42:55ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2021-01-0112212810.3390/mi12020128Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and OpportunitiesErin K. Purcell0Michael F. Becker1Yue Guo2Seth A. Hara3Kip A. Ludwig4Collin J. McKinney5Elizabeth M. Monroe6Robert Rechenberg7Cory A. Rusinek8Akash Saxena9James R. Siegenthaler10Caryl E. Sortwell11Cort H. Thompson12James K. Trevathan13Suzanne Witt14Wen Li15Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAFraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADivision of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Chemistry, Electronics Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USAFraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAFraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USANeuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USAFraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI 48824, USADepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USACarbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (<i>sp</i><sup>3</sup>-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, <i>sp</i><sup>2</sup>/<i>sp</i><sup>3</sup> character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. We highlight our team’s progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/12/2/128diamondneurotransmitterFSCVelectrodesensing |
| spellingShingle | Erin K. Purcell Michael F. Becker Yue Guo Seth A. Hara Kip A. Ludwig Collin J. McKinney Elizabeth M. Monroe Robert Rechenberg Cory A. Rusinek Akash Saxena James R. Siegenthaler Caryl E. Sortwell Cort H. Thompson James K. Trevathan Suzanne Witt Wen Li Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities Micromachines diamond neurotransmitter FSCV electrode sensing |
| title | Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities |
| title_full | Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities |
| title_fullStr | Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities |
| title_short | Next-Generation Diamond Electrodes for Neurochemical Sensing: Challenges and Opportunities |
| title_sort | next generation diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing challenges and opportunities |
| topic | diamond neurotransmitter FSCV electrode sensing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/12/2/128 |
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