Toward the Real-Time and Rapid Quantification of Bacterial Cells Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor
The quantitative evaluation of bacterial populations is required in many studies, particularly in the field of microbiology. The current techniques can be time-consuming and require a large volume of samples and trained laboratory personnel. In this regard, on-site, easy-to-use, and direct detection...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/6/1114 |
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| author | Abeer Alshammari Sabaa T. Abdulmawla Reem Alsaigh Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani Norah Salim Aldosari Muthumareeswaran Muthuramamoorthy Abdulaziz K. Assaifan Hamad Albrithen Khalid E. Alzahrani Abdullah N. Alodhayb |
| author_facet | Abeer Alshammari Sabaa T. Abdulmawla Reem Alsaigh Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani Norah Salim Aldosari Muthumareeswaran Muthuramamoorthy Abdulaziz K. Assaifan Hamad Albrithen Khalid E. Alzahrani Abdullah N. Alodhayb |
| author_sort | Abeer Alshammari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The quantitative evaluation of bacterial populations is required in many studies, particularly in the field of microbiology. The current techniques can be time-consuming and require a large volume of samples and trained laboratory personnel. In this regard, on-site, easy-to-use, and direct detection techniques are desirable. In this study, a quartz tuning fork (QTF) was investigated for the real-time detection of <i>E. coli</i> in different media, as well as the ability to determine the bacterial state and correlate the QTF parameters to the bacterial concentration. QTFs that are commercially available can also be used as sensitive sensors of viscosity and density by determining the QTFs’ damping and resonance frequency. As a result, the influence of viscous biofilm adhered to its surface should be detectable. First, the response of a QTF to different media without <i>E. coli</i> was investigated, and Luria–Bertani broth (LB) growth medium caused the largest change in frequency. Then, the QTF was tested against different concentrations of <i>E. coli</i> (i.e., 10<sup>2</sup>–10<sup>5</sup> colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL)). As the <i>E. coli</i> concentration increased, the frequency decreased from 32.836 to 32.242 kHz. Similarly, the quality factor decreased with the increasing <i>E. coli</i> concentration. With a coefficient (<i>R</i>) of 0.955, a linear correlation between the QTF parameters and bacterial concentration was established with a 26 CFU/mL detection limit. Furthermore, a considerable change in frequency was observed against live and dead cells in different media. These observations demonstrate the ability of QTFs to distinguish between different bacterial states. QTFs allow real-time, rapid, low-cost, and non-destructive microbial enumeration testing that requires only a small volume of liquid sample. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:09:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6c7e2fcff15548219855c8b4c9ca349f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-666X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:09:15Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj.art-6c7e2fcff15548219855c8b4c9ca349f2023-11-18T11:38:36ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2023-05-01146111410.3390/mi14061114Toward the Real-Time and Rapid Quantification of Bacterial Cells Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork SensorAbeer Alshammari0Sabaa T. Abdulmawla1Reem Alsaigh2Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani3Norah Salim Aldosari4Muthumareeswaran Muthuramamoorthy5Abdulaziz K. Assaifan6Hamad Albrithen7Khalid E. Alzahrani8Abdullah N. Alodhayb9Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaThe quantitative evaluation of bacterial populations is required in many studies, particularly in the field of microbiology. The current techniques can be time-consuming and require a large volume of samples and trained laboratory personnel. In this regard, on-site, easy-to-use, and direct detection techniques are desirable. In this study, a quartz tuning fork (QTF) was investigated for the real-time detection of <i>E. coli</i> in different media, as well as the ability to determine the bacterial state and correlate the QTF parameters to the bacterial concentration. QTFs that are commercially available can also be used as sensitive sensors of viscosity and density by determining the QTFs’ damping and resonance frequency. As a result, the influence of viscous biofilm adhered to its surface should be detectable. First, the response of a QTF to different media without <i>E. coli</i> was investigated, and Luria–Bertani broth (LB) growth medium caused the largest change in frequency. Then, the QTF was tested against different concentrations of <i>E. coli</i> (i.e., 10<sup>2</sup>–10<sup>5</sup> colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL)). As the <i>E. coli</i> concentration increased, the frequency decreased from 32.836 to 32.242 kHz. Similarly, the quality factor decreased with the increasing <i>E. coli</i> concentration. With a coefficient (<i>R</i>) of 0.955, a linear correlation between the QTF parameters and bacterial concentration was established with a 26 CFU/mL detection limit. Furthermore, a considerable change in frequency was observed against live and dead cells in different media. These observations demonstrate the ability of QTFs to distinguish between different bacterial states. QTFs allow real-time, rapid, low-cost, and non-destructive microbial enumeration testing that requires only a small volume of liquid sample.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/6/1114quartz tuning forksquantificationbacteriaMEMS sensors |
| spellingShingle | Abeer Alshammari Sabaa T. Abdulmawla Reem Alsaigh Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani Norah Salim Aldosari Muthumareeswaran Muthuramamoorthy Abdulaziz K. Assaifan Hamad Albrithen Khalid E. Alzahrani Abdullah N. Alodhayb Toward the Real-Time and Rapid Quantification of Bacterial Cells Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor Micromachines quartz tuning forks quantification bacteria MEMS sensors |
| title | Toward the Real-Time and Rapid Quantification of Bacterial Cells Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor |
| title_full | Toward the Real-Time and Rapid Quantification of Bacterial Cells Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor |
| title_fullStr | Toward the Real-Time and Rapid Quantification of Bacterial Cells Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toward the Real-Time and Rapid Quantification of Bacterial Cells Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor |
| title_short | Toward the Real-Time and Rapid Quantification of Bacterial Cells Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork Sensor |
| title_sort | toward the real time and rapid quantification of bacterial cells utilizing a quartz tuning fork sensor |
| topic | quartz tuning forks quantification bacteria MEMS sensors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/6/1114 |
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