The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats
ABSTRACT: Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in cattle to manage pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, and endotoxemia. In the United States, no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are approved for use in goats, but analgesics are needed for m...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Dairy Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030221009565 |
| _version_ | 1811337138827952128 |
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| author | Enoch B. de S. Meira, Jr. Emily E. Wiloch Emma Nixon James L. Yeatts Farha Ferdous Sheela Geof W. Smith Ronald E. Baynes |
| author_facet | Enoch B. de S. Meira, Jr. Emily E. Wiloch Emma Nixon James L. Yeatts Farha Ferdous Sheela Geof W. Smith Ronald E. Baynes |
| author_sort | Enoch B. de S. Meira, Jr. |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT: Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in cattle to manage pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, and endotoxemia. In the United States, no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are approved for use in goats, but analgesics are needed for management of painful conditions to improve animal welfare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats to determine a milk withdrawal interval (WDI) to avoid violative residue contamination in the food supply. Six adult lactating dairy goats received 3.3 mg/kg of transdermal flunixin before milk, interstitial fluid (ISF), and blood samples were collected at various time points for 360 h. The samples were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry to detect flunixin as well as the flunixin marker metabolite, 5-hydroxyflunixin followed by a pharmacokinetic WDI calculation using the US Food and Drug Administration tolerance limit method to propose safe residue levels in goat milk. The mean flunixin apparent plasma half-life was 21.63 h. The apparent milk half-life for 5-hydroxyflunixin was 17.52 h. Our findings provide a milk WDI of 60 h using the US Food and Drug Administration tolerance of 0.002 µg/mL (established for bovine milk) and a more conservative WDI of 96 h using a limit of quantification of 0.001 µg/mL following the extralabel use of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T17:50:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6c894af679294b338f59e5f90c976d5f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0022-0302 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T17:50:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Dairy Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-6c894af679294b338f59e5f90c976d5f2022-12-22T02:36:44ZengElsevierJournal of Dairy Science0022-03022022-01-011051549559The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goatsEnoch B. de S. Meira, Jr.0Emily E. Wiloch1Emma Nixon2James L. Yeatts3Farha Ferdous Sheela4Geof W. Smith5Ronald E. Baynes6Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607Corresponding author; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology and the Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Depletion Program (FARAD), North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27607ABSTRACT: Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in cattle to manage pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, and endotoxemia. In the United States, no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are approved for use in goats, but analgesics are needed for management of painful conditions to improve animal welfare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats to determine a milk withdrawal interval (WDI) to avoid violative residue contamination in the food supply. Six adult lactating dairy goats received 3.3 mg/kg of transdermal flunixin before milk, interstitial fluid (ISF), and blood samples were collected at various time points for 360 h. The samples were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry to detect flunixin as well as the flunixin marker metabolite, 5-hydroxyflunixin followed by a pharmacokinetic WDI calculation using the US Food and Drug Administration tolerance limit method to propose safe residue levels in goat milk. The mean flunixin apparent plasma half-life was 21.63 h. The apparent milk half-life for 5-hydroxyflunixin was 17.52 h. Our findings provide a milk WDI of 60 h using the US Food and Drug Administration tolerance of 0.002 µg/mL (established for bovine milk) and a more conservative WDI of 96 h using a limit of quantification of 0.001 µg/mL following the extralabel use of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030221009565transdermal flunixingoatpharmacokineticsdrug residuemilk |
| spellingShingle | Enoch B. de S. Meira, Jr. Emily E. Wiloch Emma Nixon James L. Yeatts Farha Ferdous Sheela Geof W. Smith Ronald E. Baynes The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats Journal of Dairy Science transdermal flunixin goat pharmacokinetics drug residue milk |
| title | The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats |
| title_full | The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats |
| title_fullStr | The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats |
| title_full_unstemmed | The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats |
| title_short | The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats |
| title_sort | pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats |
| topic | transdermal flunixin goat pharmacokinetics drug residue milk |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030221009565 |
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