Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates
ATP, the power of all cellular functions, is constantly used and produced by cells. The enzyme called ATP synthase is the energy factory in all cells, which produces ATP by adding inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ADP. It is found in the inner, thylakoid and plasma membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/4/650 |
| _version_ | 1797606710657941504 |
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| author | Rawan Mackieh Nadia Al-Bakkar Milena Kfoury Rabih Roufayel Jean-Marc Sabatier Ziad Fajloun |
| author_facet | Rawan Mackieh Nadia Al-Bakkar Milena Kfoury Rabih Roufayel Jean-Marc Sabatier Ziad Fajloun |
| author_sort | Rawan Mackieh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ATP, the power of all cellular functions, is constantly used and produced by cells. The enzyme called ATP synthase is the energy factory in all cells, which produces ATP by adding inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ADP. It is found in the inner, thylakoid and plasma membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria, respectively. Bacterial ATP synthases have been the subject of multiple studies for decades, since they can be genetically manipulated. With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, many combinations of antibiotics with other compounds that enhance the effect of these antibiotics have been proposed as approaches to limit the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ATP synthase inhibitors, such as resveratrol, venturicidin A, bedaquiline, tomatidine, piceatannol, oligomycin A and N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were the starting point of these combinations. However, each of these inhibitors target ATP synthase differently, and their co-administration with antibiotics increases the susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria. After a brief description of the structure and function of ATP synthase, we aim in this review to highlight therapeutic applications of the major bacterial ATP synthase inhibitors, including animal’s venoms, and to emphasize their importance in decreasing the activity of this enzyme and subsequently eradicating resistant bacteria as ATP synthase is their source of energy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:18:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6c94a8406a5f43ccb3b9fba7c8f88cac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:18:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-6c94a8406a5f43ccb3b9fba7c8f88cac2023-11-17T18:02:01ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-03-0112465010.3390/antibiotics12040650Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial CandidatesRawan Mackieh0Nadia Al-Bakkar1Milena Kfoury2Rabih Roufayel3Jean-Marc Sabatier4Ziad Fajloun5Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, LebanonFaculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut Campus, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1105, LebanonFaculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, LebanonCollege of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, KuwaitCNRS, Institute of Neurophysiopathology, Aix-Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, FranceFaculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, LebanonATP, the power of all cellular functions, is constantly used and produced by cells. The enzyme called ATP synthase is the energy factory in all cells, which produces ATP by adding inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ADP. It is found in the inner, thylakoid and plasma membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria, respectively. Bacterial ATP synthases have been the subject of multiple studies for decades, since they can be genetically manipulated. With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, many combinations of antibiotics with other compounds that enhance the effect of these antibiotics have been proposed as approaches to limit the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. ATP synthase inhibitors, such as resveratrol, venturicidin A, bedaquiline, tomatidine, piceatannol, oligomycin A and N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were the starting point of these combinations. However, each of these inhibitors target ATP synthase differently, and their co-administration with antibiotics increases the susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria. After a brief description of the structure and function of ATP synthase, we aim in this review to highlight therapeutic applications of the major bacterial ATP synthase inhibitors, including animal’s venoms, and to emphasize their importance in decreasing the activity of this enzyme and subsequently eradicating resistant bacteria as ATP synthase is their source of energy.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/4/650ATP synthaseATP synthase inhibitorstherapeutic applicationanimal venomsresistant bacteria |
| spellingShingle | Rawan Mackieh Nadia Al-Bakkar Milena Kfoury Rabih Roufayel Jean-Marc Sabatier Ziad Fajloun Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates Antibiotics ATP synthase ATP synthase inhibitors therapeutic application animal venoms resistant bacteria |
| title | Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates |
| title_full | Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates |
| title_fullStr | Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates |
| title_short | Inhibitors of ATP Synthase as New Antibacterial Candidates |
| title_sort | inhibitors of atp synthase as new antibacterial candidates |
| topic | ATP synthase ATP synthase inhibitors therapeutic application animal venoms resistant bacteria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/4/650 |
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