Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, Egypt
This survey was conducted to investigate the contamination by multiple mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub>, and AFG<sub>2</sub>), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in 61 samples of maize and 17 commercial a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-06-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/6/2/57 |
| _version_ | 1818439327912296448 |
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| author | Mohamed F. Abdallah Gözde Girgin Terken Baydar |
| author_facet | Mohamed F. Abdallah Gözde Girgin Terken Baydar |
| author_sort | Mohamed F. Abdallah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This survey was conducted to investigate the contamination by multiple mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub>, and AFG<sub>2</sub>), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in 61 samples of maize and 17 commercial animal feed samples, and of aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) in raw dairy milk samples (n = 20) collected from Assiut City in Upper Egypt. Multi-mycotoxin immunoaffinity columns were used for samples cleanup and mycotoxin purification. An HPLC−FLD system with an on-line post-column photochemical derivatization was used for the detection of the target toxins. AFB<sub>1</sub> was detected in both maize (n = 15) and feed (n = 8), with only one maize sample presenting a concentration above the maximum permissible level set by the Egyptian authorities. AFB<sub>2</sub> was observed in six maize samples and in one feed sample, with a maximum value of 0.5 μg/kg. ZEA was detected only in feed samples (n = 4), with a maximum value of 3.5 μg/kg, while OTA, AFG<sub>1</sub>, and AFG<sub>2</sub> were under the limits of detection. For milk, all the analyzed samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM<sub>1</sub>, and 14 samples (70%) presented concentrations above the maximum permissible level in the European Union (EU) (0.05 μg/kg). The concentrations ranged from 0.02 μg/kg to 0.19 μg/kg, except that of one sample, which was under the limit of quantification. The contamination rates in maize and animal feeds are not alarming. In contrast, the consumption of dairy milk samples in Assiut City may pose public health hazards, as AFM<sub>1</sub> levels were found to exceed the international permissible limits. Further surveys are highly recommended in order to establish a database for mycotoxin occurrence in Egypt to minimize the possible health risks in animals and humans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T17:54:42Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T17:54:42Z |
| publishDate | 2019-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-6cc73c8e96f1412599fd347dd5e97fa42022-12-21T22:52:34ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812019-06-01625710.3390/vetsci6020057vetsci6020057Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, EgyptMohamed F. Abdallah0Gözde Girgin1Terken Baydar2Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, EgyptDepartment of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 90-06100 Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 90-06100 Ankara, TurkeyThis survey was conducted to investigate the contamination by multiple mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFB<sub>1</sub>, AFB<sub>2</sub>, AFG<sub>1</sub>, and AFG<sub>2</sub>), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in 61 samples of maize and 17 commercial animal feed samples, and of aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>) in raw dairy milk samples (n = 20) collected from Assiut City in Upper Egypt. Multi-mycotoxin immunoaffinity columns were used for samples cleanup and mycotoxin purification. An HPLC−FLD system with an on-line post-column photochemical derivatization was used for the detection of the target toxins. AFB<sub>1</sub> was detected in both maize (n = 15) and feed (n = 8), with only one maize sample presenting a concentration above the maximum permissible level set by the Egyptian authorities. AFB<sub>2</sub> was observed in six maize samples and in one feed sample, with a maximum value of 0.5 μg/kg. ZEA was detected only in feed samples (n = 4), with a maximum value of 3.5 μg/kg, while OTA, AFG<sub>1</sub>, and AFG<sub>2</sub> were under the limits of detection. For milk, all the analyzed samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM<sub>1</sub>, and 14 samples (70%) presented concentrations above the maximum permissible level in the European Union (EU) (0.05 μg/kg). The concentrations ranged from 0.02 μg/kg to 0.19 μg/kg, except that of one sample, which was under the limit of quantification. The contamination rates in maize and animal feeds are not alarming. In contrast, the consumption of dairy milk samples in Assiut City may pose public health hazards, as AFM<sub>1</sub> levels were found to exceed the international permissible limits. Further surveys are highly recommended in order to establish a database for mycotoxin occurrence in Egypt to minimize the possible health risks in animals and humans.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/6/2/57mycotoxinsmaizeraw milkaflatoxinsochratoxin azearalenoneHPLCEgypt |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed F. Abdallah Gözde Girgin Terken Baydar Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, Egypt Veterinary Sciences mycotoxins maize raw milk aflatoxins ochratoxin a zearalenone HPLC Egypt |
| title | Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, Egypt |
| title_full | Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, Egypt |
| title_fullStr | Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, Egypt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, Egypt |
| title_short | Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, Egypt |
| title_sort | mycotoxin detection in maize commercial feed and raw dairy milk samples from assiut city egypt |
| topic | mycotoxins maize raw milk aflatoxins ochratoxin a zearalenone HPLC Egypt |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/6/2/57 |
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