Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Acacia Seyal</i> Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS
<i>Acacia Seyal</i> gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly pe...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/10/1612 |
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| author | Tahani Maher Nassereldeen A. Kabbashi Mohamed E. S. Mirghani Md Z. Alam Djabir Daddiouaissa Ferid Abdulhafiz Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan Jihad I. Omran Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab Arifullah Mohammed |
| author_facet | Tahani Maher Nassereldeen A. Kabbashi Mohamed E. S. Mirghani Md Z. Alam Djabir Daddiouaissa Ferid Abdulhafiz Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan Jihad I. Omran Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab Arifullah Mohammed |
| author_sort | Tahani Maher |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Acacia Seyal</i> gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid–liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:45:23Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:45:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-6cc938a95bfa48b5983a3edc2fbbb1bf2023-11-22T17:16:44ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-10-011010161210.3390/antiox10101612Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Acacia Seyal</i> Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMSTahani Maher0Nassereldeen A. Kabbashi1Mohamed E. S. Mirghani2Md Z. Alam3Djabir Daddiouaissa4Ferid Abdulhafiz5Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan6Jihad I. Omran7Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab8Arifullah Mohammed9Biotechnology Engineering Department, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), P.O. Box 10, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaBiotechnology Engineering Department, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), P.O. Box 10, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaInternational Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 53100, MalaysiaBiotechnology Engineering Department, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), P.O. Box 10, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 50728, MalaysiaInternational Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 53100, MalaysiaFaculty of Agro-Based Industry, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, MalaysiaDepartment of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu 16100, MalaysiaBiomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaSchool of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, MalaysiaFaculty of Agro-Based Industry, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Malaysia<i>Acacia Seyal</i> gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid–liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">d</span>-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/10/1612<i>Acacia Seyal</i> gumgum Arabicultrasound-assisted extractionresponse surface methodologyRaman spectroscopyFTIR spectra |
| spellingShingle | Tahani Maher Nassereldeen A. Kabbashi Mohamed E. S. Mirghani Md Z. Alam Djabir Daddiouaissa Ferid Abdulhafiz Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan Jihad I. Omran Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab Arifullah Mohammed Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Acacia Seyal</i> Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS Antioxidants <i>Acacia Seyal</i> gum gum Arabic ultrasound-assisted extraction response surface methodology Raman spectroscopy FTIR spectra |
| title | Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Acacia Seyal</i> Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS |
| title_full | Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Acacia Seyal</i> Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Acacia Seyal</i> Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Acacia Seyal</i> Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS |
| title_short | Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from <i>Acacia Seyal</i> Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS |
| title_sort | optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from i acacia seyal i gum using response surface methodology and their chemical content identification by raman ftir and gc tofms |
| topic | <i>Acacia Seyal</i> gum gum Arabic ultrasound-assisted extraction response surface methodology Raman spectroscopy FTIR spectra |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/10/1612 |
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