Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Cucumber
Ionic liquids are a huge group of chemical compounds that have found, or may, in the future, find, applications in various industries. These compounds are characterized by excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties, but a big problem is their environmental impact. One of the representat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/6/522 |
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| author | Barbara Pawłowska Dagmara Wojtala Robert Biczak |
| author_facet | Barbara Pawłowska Dagmara Wojtala Robert Biczak |
| author_sort | Barbara Pawłowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ionic liquids are a huge group of chemical compounds that have found, or may, in the future, find, applications in various industries. These compounds are characterized by excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties, but a big problem is their environmental impact. One of the representatives of this group of compounds is tetrabutylammonium chloride ([TBA][Cl]). In this present study, the effects of [TBA][Cl] were evaluated on two popular plant species—a monocotyledonous plant—wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and a dicotyledonous plant—cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i> L.). The results showed that the compound caused a pronounced inhibition of plant growth and roots, as well as plant fresh weight yield. An increase in plant dry weight was observed at the same time. Despite the decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments, no major changes were observed in chlorophyll fluorescence. All observed changes were strongly related to the applied concentration of the compound. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:52:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6cd7f5baa5fd4868ac4b1459712c32b4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:52:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-6cd7f5baa5fd4868ac4b1459712c32b42023-11-18T12:54:47ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-06-0111652210.3390/toxics11060522Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and CucumberBarbara Pawłowska0Dagmara Wojtala1Robert Biczak2The Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, PolandThe Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, PolandThe Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, PolandIonic liquids are a huge group of chemical compounds that have found, or may, in the future, find, applications in various industries. These compounds are characterized by excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties, but a big problem is their environmental impact. One of the representatives of this group of compounds is tetrabutylammonium chloride ([TBA][Cl]). In this present study, the effects of [TBA][Cl] were evaluated on two popular plant species—a monocotyledonous plant—wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and a dicotyledonous plant—cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i> L.). The results showed that the compound caused a pronounced inhibition of plant growth and roots, as well as plant fresh weight yield. An increase in plant dry weight was observed at the same time. Despite the decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments, no major changes were observed in chlorophyll fluorescence. All observed changes were strongly related to the applied concentration of the compound.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/6/522phytotoxicitychlorophyll fluorescencephotosynthetic pigments contentionic liquids |
| spellingShingle | Barbara Pawłowska Dagmara Wojtala Robert Biczak Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Cucumber Toxics phytotoxicity chlorophyll fluorescence photosynthetic pigments content ionic liquids |
| title | Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Cucumber |
| title_full | Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Cucumber |
| title_fullStr | Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Cucumber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Cucumber |
| title_short | Ionic Liquids as Environmental Pollutants—Analysis of the Effect of Tetrabutylammonium Chloride on the Growth and Development of Wheat and Cucumber |
| title_sort | ionic liquids as environmental pollutants analysis of the effect of tetrabutylammonium chloride on the growth and development of wheat and cucumber |
| topic | phytotoxicity chlorophyll fluorescence photosynthetic pigments content ionic liquids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/6/522 |
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