Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal Veins
Male varicocele and pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) are common pathologies with high predominance in young patients, having a high impact on the quality of life and infertility. Lately, the use of different endovascular embolization techniques, with various embolizing agents, shows good technical r...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/8/1596 |
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| author | Francesco Tiralongo Giulio Distefano Monica Palermo Antonio Granata Francesco Giurazza Francesco Vacirca Stefano Palmucci Massimo Venturini Antonio Basile |
| author_facet | Francesco Tiralongo Giulio Distefano Monica Palermo Antonio Granata Francesco Giurazza Francesco Vacirca Stefano Palmucci Massimo Venturini Antonio Basile |
| author_sort | Francesco Tiralongo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Male varicocele and pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) are common pathologies with high predominance in young patients, having a high impact on the quality of life and infertility. Lately, the use of different endovascular embolization techniques, with various embolizing agents, shows good technical results and clinical outcomes. With the aim of presenting the “state of the art” of endovascular techniques for the treatment of male varicocele and PCS, and to discuss the performance of the different embolic agents proposed, we conducted an extensive analysis of the relevant literature and we reported and discussed the results of original studies and previous meta-analyses, providing an updated guide on this topic to clinicians and interventional radiologists. We have also underlined the technical aspects for the benefit of those who approach this type of interventional treatment. Our review suggests promising results in both the endovascular embolic treatment of male varicocele and PCS; for varicocele, a success rate of between 70% and 100% and a recurrence rate of up to 16% is reported, while for PCS it has been found that technical success is achieved in almost all cases of endovascular treatment, with a highly variable recurrence rate based on reports. Complications are overall rather rare and are represented by periprocedural pain, migration of embolic media and vascular perforations: severe adverse events have been reported very rarely. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:27:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6d1863b153f24440af5c3918fff9486e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:27:02Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-6d1863b153f24440af5c3918fff9486e2023-11-21T14:55:15ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832021-04-01108159610.3390/jcm10081596Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal VeinsFrancesco Tiralongo0Giulio Distefano1Monica Palermo2Antonio Granata3Francesco Giurazza4Francesco Vacirca5Stefano Palmucci6Massimo Venturini7Antonio Basile8Radiology Unit I, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”–University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n° 78, 95123 Catania, ItalyRadiology Unit I, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”–University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n° 78, 95123 Catania, ItalyRadiology Unit I, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”–University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n° 78, 95123 Catania, ItalyNephrology and Dialysis Unit, “Cannizzaro” Hospital, 95123 Catania, ItalyInterventional Radiology Department, Cardarelli Hospital of Naples, 80131 Naples, ItalyRadiology Unit I, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”–University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n° 78, 95123 Catania, ItalyRadiology Unit I, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”–University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n° 78, 95123 Catania, ItalyDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Circolo Hospital, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, ItalyRadiology Unit I, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”–University Hospital “Policlinico-San Marco”, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia n° 78, 95123 Catania, ItalyMale varicocele and pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) are common pathologies with high predominance in young patients, having a high impact on the quality of life and infertility. Lately, the use of different endovascular embolization techniques, with various embolizing agents, shows good technical results and clinical outcomes. With the aim of presenting the “state of the art” of endovascular techniques for the treatment of male varicocele and PCS, and to discuss the performance of the different embolic agents proposed, we conducted an extensive analysis of the relevant literature and we reported and discussed the results of original studies and previous meta-analyses, providing an updated guide on this topic to clinicians and interventional radiologists. We have also underlined the technical aspects for the benefit of those who approach this type of interventional treatment. Our review suggests promising results in both the endovascular embolic treatment of male varicocele and PCS; for varicocele, a success rate of between 70% and 100% and a recurrence rate of up to 16% is reported, while for PCS it has been found that technical success is achieved in almost all cases of endovascular treatment, with a highly variable recurrence rate based on reports. Complications are overall rather rare and are represented by periprocedural pain, migration of embolic media and vascular perforations: severe adverse events have been reported very rarely.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/8/1596varicocelepelvic congestion syndromeembolic agentvein embolizationinterventional radiology |
| spellingShingle | Francesco Tiralongo Giulio Distefano Monica Palermo Antonio Granata Francesco Giurazza Francesco Vacirca Stefano Palmucci Massimo Venturini Antonio Basile Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal Veins Journal of Clinical Medicine varicocele pelvic congestion syndrome embolic agent vein embolization interventional radiology |
| title | Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal Veins |
| title_full | Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal Veins |
| title_fullStr | Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal Veins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal Veins |
| title_short | Liquid and Solid Embolic Agents in Gonadal Veins |
| title_sort | liquid and solid embolic agents in gonadal veins |
| topic | varicocele pelvic congestion syndrome embolic agent vein embolization interventional radiology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/8/1596 |
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