Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine Candidates
The Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major global health threat that kills over one million people worldwide. The pneumococcus commonly colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically as a commensal, but is also capable of causing a wide range of life-threatening diseases s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.836070/full |
| _version_ | 1819278610835439616 |
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| author | Saba Parveen Karthik Subramanian |
| author_facet | Saba Parveen Karthik Subramanian |
| author_sort | Saba Parveen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major global health threat that kills over one million people worldwide. The pneumococcus commonly colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically as a commensal, but is also capable of causing a wide range of life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia upon migration into the lower respiratory tract and spread to internal organs. Emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and non-vaccine serotypes has led to the classification of pneumococcal bacteria as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization that needs urgent research into bacterial pathogenesis and development of novel vaccine strategies. Extracellular vesicles are spherical membrane bound structures that are released by both pathogen and host cells, and influence bacterial pathogenesis as well as the immune response. Recent studies have found that while bacterial vesicles shuttle virulence factors and toxins into host cells and regulate inflammatory responses, vesicles released from the infected host cells contain both bacterial and host proteins that are antigenic and immunomodulatory. Bacterial membrane vesicles have great potential to be developed as cell-free vaccine candidates in the future due to their immunogenicity and biostability. Host-derived vesicles isolated from patient biofluids such as blood and bronchoalveolar lavage could be used to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers as well as engineered to deliver desired payloads to specific target cells for immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the recent developments on the role of bacterial and host vesicles in pneumococcal infections and future prospects in developing novel therapeutics and diagnostics for control of invasive pneumococcal diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T00:14:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6d33acb3e36d40f7816a8c92853a9498 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2235-2988 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T00:14:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-6d33acb3e36d40f7816a8c92853a94982022-12-21T17:24:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882022-02-011210.3389/fcimb.2022.836070836070Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine CandidatesSaba ParveenKarthik SubramanianThe Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major global health threat that kills over one million people worldwide. The pneumococcus commonly colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically as a commensal, but is also capable of causing a wide range of life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis and septicemia upon migration into the lower respiratory tract and spread to internal organs. Emergence of antibiotic resistant strains and non-vaccine serotypes has led to the classification of pneumococcal bacteria as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization that needs urgent research into bacterial pathogenesis and development of novel vaccine strategies. Extracellular vesicles are spherical membrane bound structures that are released by both pathogen and host cells, and influence bacterial pathogenesis as well as the immune response. Recent studies have found that while bacterial vesicles shuttle virulence factors and toxins into host cells and regulate inflammatory responses, vesicles released from the infected host cells contain both bacterial and host proteins that are antigenic and immunomodulatory. Bacterial membrane vesicles have great potential to be developed as cell-free vaccine candidates in the future due to their immunogenicity and biostability. Host-derived vesicles isolated from patient biofluids such as blood and bronchoalveolar lavage could be used to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers as well as engineered to deliver desired payloads to specific target cells for immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the recent developments on the role of bacterial and host vesicles in pneumococcal infections and future prospects in developing novel therapeutics and diagnostics for control of invasive pneumococcal diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.836070/fullStreptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)extracellular vesicles (EVs)immunomodulationbacterial pathogenesisinflammationacellular vaccines |
| spellingShingle | Saba Parveen Karthik Subramanian Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine Candidates Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) extracellular vesicles (EVs) immunomodulation bacterial pathogenesis inflammation acellular vaccines |
| title | Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine Candidates |
| title_full | Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine Candidates |
| title_fullStr | Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine Candidates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine Candidates |
| title_short | Emerging Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Pneumococcal Infections: Immunomodulators to Potential Novel Vaccine Candidates |
| title_sort | emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in pneumococcal infections immunomodulators to potential novel vaccine candidates |
| topic | Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) extracellular vesicles (EVs) immunomodulation bacterial pathogenesis inflammation acellular vaccines |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2022.836070/full |
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