Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by Fusarium graminearum and is one of the most commonly occurring trichothecenes. Vegetarians are alleged to be a high-risk group for DON exposure due to high intakes of cereals susceptible to the growth of the mycotoxin. This study provides the levels of DON and de-...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-06-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/7/196 |
| _version_ | 1811185219370221568 |
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| author | Liz Wells Laura Hardie Courtney Williams Kay White Yunru Liu Barbara De Santis Francesca Debegnach Georgio Moretti Stephanie Greetham Carlo Brera Maria Papageorgiou Natalie J. Thatcher Alan Rigby Stephen L. Atkin Thozhukat Sathyapalan |
| author_facet | Liz Wells Laura Hardie Courtney Williams Kay White Yunru Liu Barbara De Santis Francesca Debegnach Georgio Moretti Stephanie Greetham Carlo Brera Maria Papageorgiou Natalie J. Thatcher Alan Rigby Stephen L. Atkin Thozhukat Sathyapalan |
| author_sort | Liz Wells |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by Fusarium graminearum and is one of the most commonly occurring trichothecenes. Vegetarians are alleged to be a high-risk group for DON exposure due to high intakes of cereals susceptible to the growth of the mycotoxin. This study provides the levels of DON and de-epoxi Deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) in urine analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in UK vegetarians. Over two consecutive days, morning urine samples were collected from 32 vegetarians and 31 UK adult volunteers, and associated food consumption 24 h prior to the sample was recorded. Statistically significant differences between the weight of the UK adults and vegetarians (t = 3.15. df = 61, p ≤ 0.005 two-tailed) were observed. The mean levels of DON in urine for adults on day 1 was 3.05 ng free DON/mg creatinine, and on day 2 was 2.98 ng free DON/mg creatinine. Even though high mean levels were observed, most adults were within the tolerable daily intake. However, for vegetarians, the mean level of urinary DON on day 1 was 6.69 ng free DON/mg creatinine, and on day 2 was 3.42 ng free DON/mg creatinine. These levels equate to up to 32% of vegetarians exceeding recommended tolerable daily intakes (TDI) of exposure (1 µg/kg b.w./day). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:25:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6d3d448a53474701a31c0cbbeeb0f98a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:25:39Z |
| publishDate | 2017-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-6d3d448a53474701a31c0cbbeeb0f98a2022-12-22T04:22:04ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512017-06-019719610.3390/toxins9070196toxins9070196Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK VegetariansLiz Wells0Laura Hardie1Courtney Williams2Kay White3Yunru Liu4Barbara De Santis5Francesca Debegnach6Georgio Moretti7Stephanie Greetham8Carlo Brera9Maria Papageorgiou10Natalie J. Thatcher11Alan Rigby12Stephen L. Atkin13Thozhukat Sathyapalan14Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brocklehurst Building, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2RW, UKDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UKDepartment of Environmental Medicine, Hainan Medical University, 3 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571199, ChinaDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299,001,61 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299,001,61 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Statistical Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Università degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, 500,185 Roma, ItalyEchuca Regional Health, Service Street, Echuca 3564, AustraliaDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299,001,61 Rome, ItalyDepartment of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brocklehurst Building, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2RW, UKEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 43126 Parma, ItalyCentre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Hull York Medical School, Hertford Building, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UKWeill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 24144, QatarDepartment of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brocklehurst Building, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2RW, UKDeoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by Fusarium graminearum and is one of the most commonly occurring trichothecenes. Vegetarians are alleged to be a high-risk group for DON exposure due to high intakes of cereals susceptible to the growth of the mycotoxin. This study provides the levels of DON and de-epoxi Deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) in urine analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in UK vegetarians. Over two consecutive days, morning urine samples were collected from 32 vegetarians and 31 UK adult volunteers, and associated food consumption 24 h prior to the sample was recorded. Statistically significant differences between the weight of the UK adults and vegetarians (t = 3.15. df = 61, p ≤ 0.005 two-tailed) were observed. The mean levels of DON in urine for adults on day 1 was 3.05 ng free DON/mg creatinine, and on day 2 was 2.98 ng free DON/mg creatinine. Even though high mean levels were observed, most adults were within the tolerable daily intake. However, for vegetarians, the mean level of urinary DON on day 1 was 6.69 ng free DON/mg creatinine, and on day 2 was 3.42 ng free DON/mg creatinine. These levels equate to up to 32% of vegetarians exceeding recommended tolerable daily intakes (TDI) of exposure (1 µg/kg b.w./day).http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/7/196mycotoxinsdeoxynivalenolvegetariansvomitoxin |
| spellingShingle | Liz Wells Laura Hardie Courtney Williams Kay White Yunru Liu Barbara De Santis Francesca Debegnach Georgio Moretti Stephanie Greetham Carlo Brera Maria Papageorgiou Natalie J. Thatcher Alan Rigby Stephen L. Atkin Thozhukat Sathyapalan Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians Toxins mycotoxins deoxynivalenol vegetarians vomitoxin |
| title | Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians |
| title_full | Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians |
| title_fullStr | Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians |
| title_short | Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians |
| title_sort | deoxynivalenol biomarkers in the urine of uk vegetarians |
| topic | mycotoxins deoxynivalenol vegetarians vomitoxin |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/7/196 |
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