Potential of Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against <i>Anopheles</i> Vectors: A Review
The insect nervous system is critical for its functional integrity. The cholinergic system, of which acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme, is essential to the <i>Anopheles</i> (consisting of major malaria vector species) nervous system. Furthermore, the nervous system is also the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/20/7026 |
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| author | Thankhoe A. Rants’o Lizette L. Koekemoer Jenny-Lee Panayides Robyn L. van Zyl |
| author_facet | Thankhoe A. Rants’o Lizette L. Koekemoer Jenny-Lee Panayides Robyn L. van Zyl |
| author_sort | Thankhoe A. Rants’o |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The insect nervous system is critical for its functional integrity. The cholinergic system, of which acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme, is essential to the <i>Anopheles</i> (consisting of major malaria vector species) nervous system. Furthermore, the nervous system is also the primary target site for insecticides used in malaria vector control programs. Insecticides, incorporated in insecticide-treated nets and used for indoor residual spraying, are a core intervention employed in malaria vector control. However, <i>Anopheles</i> resistance against these insecticides has grown rapidly. Due to this major setback, novel agents with potential activity against resistant <i>Anopheles</i> and/or capacity to overcome resistance against current WHO-approved insecticides are urgently needed. The essential oils have the potential to be natural sources of novel insecticides with potential to inhibit the <i>Anopheles</i> AChE target. In the current review, the scientific evidence highlights the ability of essential oils and specific essential oil constituents to serve as anticholinesterase insecticides. For this reason, the published data from scientific databases on the essential oils and essential oil constituents on anticholinesterase, ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activities were analyzed. The identification of major constituents in active essential oils and their possible influence on the biological activity have also been critically evaluated. Furthermore, the toxicity to mammals as well as potential activity against the mammalian AChE target has also been reviewed. The importance of identifying novel potent insecticides from essential oils has been discussed, in relation to human safety and cost-effectiveness. Finally, the critical insights from this review can be used to inform future researchers towards potent and safe anticholinesterase insecticides for the management of <i>Anopheles</i> malaria vectors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:41:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6d4382ac6abf43c3882e7fc9975ff119 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:41:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-6d4382ac6abf43c3882e7fc9975ff1192023-11-24T01:35:55ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-10-012720702610.3390/molecules27207026Potential of Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against <i>Anopheles</i> Vectors: A ReviewThankhoe A. Rants’o0Lizette L. Koekemoer1Jenny-Lee Panayides2Robyn L. van Zyl3Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South AfricaWITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South AfricaPharmaceutical Technologies, CSIR Future Production: Chemicals, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria 0184, South AfricaPharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South AfricaThe insect nervous system is critical for its functional integrity. The cholinergic system, of which acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme, is essential to the <i>Anopheles</i> (consisting of major malaria vector species) nervous system. Furthermore, the nervous system is also the primary target site for insecticides used in malaria vector control programs. Insecticides, incorporated in insecticide-treated nets and used for indoor residual spraying, are a core intervention employed in malaria vector control. However, <i>Anopheles</i> resistance against these insecticides has grown rapidly. Due to this major setback, novel agents with potential activity against resistant <i>Anopheles</i> and/or capacity to overcome resistance against current WHO-approved insecticides are urgently needed. The essential oils have the potential to be natural sources of novel insecticides with potential to inhibit the <i>Anopheles</i> AChE target. In the current review, the scientific evidence highlights the ability of essential oils and specific essential oil constituents to serve as anticholinesterase insecticides. For this reason, the published data from scientific databases on the essential oils and essential oil constituents on anticholinesterase, ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activities were analyzed. The identification of major constituents in active essential oils and their possible influence on the biological activity have also been critically evaluated. Furthermore, the toxicity to mammals as well as potential activity against the mammalian AChE target has also been reviewed. The importance of identifying novel potent insecticides from essential oils has been discussed, in relation to human safety and cost-effectiveness. Finally, the critical insights from this review can be used to inform future researchers towards potent and safe anticholinesterase insecticides for the management of <i>Anopheles</i> malaria vectors.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/20/7026malariainsecticidesterpenoidsacetylcholinesterase |
| spellingShingle | Thankhoe A. Rants’o Lizette L. Koekemoer Jenny-Lee Panayides Robyn L. van Zyl Potential of Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against <i>Anopheles</i> Vectors: A Review Molecules malaria insecticides terpenoids acetylcholinesterase |
| title | Potential of Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against <i>Anopheles</i> Vectors: A Review |
| title_full | Potential of Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against <i>Anopheles</i> Vectors: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Potential of Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against <i>Anopheles</i> Vectors: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential of Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against <i>Anopheles</i> Vectors: A Review |
| title_short | Potential of Essential Oil-Based Anticholinesterase Insecticides against <i>Anopheles</i> Vectors: A Review |
| title_sort | potential of essential oil based anticholinesterase insecticides against i anopheles i vectors a review |
| topic | malaria insecticides terpenoids acetylcholinesterase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/20/7026 |
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