Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is currently developing into a rapidly disseminating and an overwhelming worldwide pandemic. In severe COVID-19 cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation are two crucial complications responsible for poor prog...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/2/228 |
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| author | Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky Elham Amin Mohamed G. Ewees Nesreen I. Mahmoud Hamdoon A. Mohammed Waleed M. Altowayan Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif |
| author_facet | Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky Elham Amin Mohamed G. Ewees Nesreen I. Mahmoud Hamdoon A. Mohammed Waleed M. Altowayan Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif |
| author_sort | Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is currently developing into a rapidly disseminating and an overwhelming worldwide pandemic. In severe COVID-19 cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation are two crucial complications responsible for poor prognosis and mortality. In addition, coagulation system activation and inflammation overlap and produce life-threatening complications, including coagulopathy and cytokine storm, which are associated with overproduction of cytokines and activation of the immune system; they might be a lead cause of organ damage. However, patients with severe COVID-19 who received anticoagulant therapy had lower mortality, especially with elevated D-dimer or fibrin degradation products (FDP). In this regard, the discovery of natural products with anticoagulant potential may help mitigate the numerous side effects of the available synthetic drugs. This review sheds light on blood coagulation and its impact on the complication associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the sources of natural anticoagulants, the role of nanoparticle formulation in this outbreak, and the prevalence of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) after COVID-19 vaccines are also reviewed. These combined data provide many research ideas related to the possibility of using these anticoagulant agents as a treatment to relieve acute symptoms of COVID-19 infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:52:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6dba1762846f43bc925c2fbc39da5e2a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:52:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-6dba1762846f43bc925c2fbc39da5e2a2023-11-23T22:29:33ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152022-01-0114222810.3390/v14020228Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 VaccinesMohamed S. Abdel-Bakky0Elham Amin1Mohamed G. Ewees2Nesreen I. Mahmoud3Hamdoon A. Mohammed4Waleed M. Altowayan5Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif6Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 11787, EgyptDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 11787, EgyptDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52471, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qasssim 52471, Saudi ArabiaThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, is currently developing into a rapidly disseminating and an overwhelming worldwide pandemic. In severe COVID-19 cases, hypercoagulability and inflammation are two crucial complications responsible for poor prognosis and mortality. In addition, coagulation system activation and inflammation overlap and produce life-threatening complications, including coagulopathy and cytokine storm, which are associated with overproduction of cytokines and activation of the immune system; they might be a lead cause of organ damage. However, patients with severe COVID-19 who received anticoagulant therapy had lower mortality, especially with elevated D-dimer or fibrin degradation products (FDP). In this regard, the discovery of natural products with anticoagulant potential may help mitigate the numerous side effects of the available synthetic drugs. This review sheds light on blood coagulation and its impact on the complication associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the sources of natural anticoagulants, the role of nanoparticle formulation in this outbreak, and the prevalence of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) after COVID-19 vaccines are also reviewed. These combined data provide many research ideas related to the possibility of using these anticoagulant agents as a treatment to relieve acute symptoms of COVID-19 infection.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/2/228hypercoagulabilityCOVID-19natural anticoagulantsnanoparticlestargetingCOVID-19 vaccines |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky Elham Amin Mohamed G. Ewees Nesreen I. Mahmoud Hamdoon A. Mohammed Waleed M. Altowayan Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines Viruses hypercoagulability COVID-19 natural anticoagulants nanoparticles targeting COVID-19 vaccines |
| title | Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_full | Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_fullStr | Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_short | Coagulation System Activation for Targeting of COVID-19: Insights into Anticoagulants, Vaccine-Loaded Nanoparticles, and Hypercoagulability in COVID-19 Vaccines |
| title_sort | coagulation system activation for targeting of covid 19 insights into anticoagulants vaccine loaded nanoparticles and hypercoagulability in covid 19 vaccines |
| topic | hypercoagulability COVID-19 natural anticoagulants nanoparticles targeting COVID-19 vaccines |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/2/228 |
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