Source Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes
Open biomass burning (BB) has contributed severely to the ambient levels of particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm diameter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in upper northern Thailand over the last decade. Some methods have been reported to identify the sources of burning using chemical compositions,...
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1149 |
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| author | Sawaeng Kawichai Tippawan Prapamontol Fang Cao Wenhuai Song Yanlin Zhang |
| author_facet | Sawaeng Kawichai Tippawan Prapamontol Fang Cao Wenhuai Song Yanlin Zhang |
| author_sort | Sawaeng Kawichai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Open biomass burning (BB) has contributed severely to the ambient levels of particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm diameter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in upper northern Thailand over the last decade. Some methods have been reported to identify the sources of burning using chemical compositions, i.e., ions, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. However, recent advances in nuclear techniques have been limited in use due to their specific instrumentation. The aims of this study were to investigate the sources of ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Chiang Mai city using stable carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C) and nitrogen isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N). The mean concentrations of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were 12.2 ± 5.42 and 1.91 ± 1.07 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, whereas δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N PM<sub>2.5</sub> were −26.1 ± 0.77‰ and 10.3 ± 2.86‰, respectively. This isotopic analysis confirmed that biomass burning was the source of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and that C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> plants contributed about 74% and 26%, respectively. These study results confirm that the stable isotope is an important tool in identifying the sources of aerosols. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:42:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6dc6f1194266424a9bf1095dbabf244d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:42:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-6dc6f1194266424a9bf1095dbabf244d2023-12-03T14:39:03ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-07-01137114910.3390/atmos13071149Source Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen IsotopesSawaeng Kawichai0Tippawan Prapamontol1Fang Cao2Wenhuai Song3Yanlin Zhang4Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandResearch Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandSchool of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaOpen biomass burning (BB) has contributed severely to the ambient levels of particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm diameter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in upper northern Thailand over the last decade. Some methods have been reported to identify the sources of burning using chemical compositions, i.e., ions, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. However, recent advances in nuclear techniques have been limited in use due to their specific instrumentation. The aims of this study were to investigate the sources of ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Chiang Mai city using stable carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C) and nitrogen isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N). The mean concentrations of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) in PM<sub>2.5</sub> were 12.2 ± 5.42 and 1.91 ± 1.07 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, whereas δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N PM<sub>2.5</sub> were −26.1 ± 0.77‰ and 10.3 ± 2.86‰, respectively. This isotopic analysis confirmed that biomass burning was the source of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and that C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> plants contributed about 74% and 26%, respectively. These study results confirm that the stable isotope is an important tool in identifying the sources of aerosols.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1149biomass burningPM<sub>2.5</sub>stable isotopeC<sub>3</sub> plants |
| spellingShingle | Sawaeng Kawichai Tippawan Prapamontol Fang Cao Wenhuai Song Yanlin Zhang Source Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes Atmosphere biomass burning PM<sub>2.5</sub> stable isotope C<sub>3</sub> plants |
| title | Source Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes |
| title_full | Source Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes |
| title_fullStr | Source Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Source Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes |
| title_short | Source Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes |
| title_sort | source identification of pm sub 2 5 sub during a smoke haze period in chiang mai thailand using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes |
| topic | biomass burning PM<sub>2.5</sub> stable isotope C<sub>3</sub> plants |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/7/1149 |
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