Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus—Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) and Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) are tick-borne flaviviruses that cause life-threatening hemorrhagic fever in humans with case fatality rates of 3–5% for KFDV and 1–20% for AHFV, respectively. Both viruses are biosafety level 4 pathogens due to the sev...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1406 |
| _version_ | 1797553851353530368 |
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| author | Bharti Bhatia Heinz Feldmann Andrea Marzi |
| author_facet | Bharti Bhatia Heinz Feldmann Andrea Marzi |
| author_sort | Bharti Bhatia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) and Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) are tick-borne flaviviruses that cause life-threatening hemorrhagic fever in humans with case fatality rates of 3–5% for KFDV and 1–20% for AHFV, respectively. Both viruses are biosafety level 4 pathogens due to the severity of disease they cause and the lack of effective countermeasures. KFDV was discovered in India and is restricted to parts of the Indian subcontinent, whereas AHFV has been found in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. In recent years, both viruses have spread beyond their original endemic zones and the potential of AHFV to spread through ticks on migratory birds is a public health concern. While there is a vaccine with limited efficacy for KFDV used in India, there is no vaccine for AHFV nor are there any therapeutic concepts to combat infections with these viruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about pathogenesis, vector distribution, virus spread, and infection control. We aim to bring attention to the potential public health threats posed by KFDV and AHFV and highlight the urgent need for the development of effective countermeasures. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:22:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6de6231ce2b6496cacd49144c0bd313e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:22:30Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-6de6231ce2b6496cacd49144c0bd313e2023-11-20T13:31:26ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072020-09-0189140610.3390/microorganisms8091406Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus—Two Neglected Zoonotic PathogensBharti Bhatia0Heinz Feldmann1Andrea Marzi2Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USALaboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USALaboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USAKyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) and Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) are tick-borne flaviviruses that cause life-threatening hemorrhagic fever in humans with case fatality rates of 3–5% for KFDV and 1–20% for AHFV, respectively. Both viruses are biosafety level 4 pathogens due to the severity of disease they cause and the lack of effective countermeasures. KFDV was discovered in India and is restricted to parts of the Indian subcontinent, whereas AHFV has been found in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. In recent years, both viruses have spread beyond their original endemic zones and the potential of AHFV to spread through ticks on migratory birds is a public health concern. While there is a vaccine with limited efficacy for KFDV used in India, there is no vaccine for AHFV nor are there any therapeutic concepts to combat infections with these viruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about pathogenesis, vector distribution, virus spread, and infection control. We aim to bring attention to the potential public health threats posed by KFDV and AHFV and highlight the urgent need for the development of effective countermeasures.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1406KFDVAHFVvector distributionhuman diseaseanimal modelspathogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Bharti Bhatia Heinz Feldmann Andrea Marzi Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus—Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens Microorganisms KFDV AHFV vector distribution human disease animal models pathogenesis |
| title | Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus—Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens |
| title_full | Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus—Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens |
| title_fullStr | Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus—Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus—Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens |
| title_short | Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus—Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens |
| title_sort | kyasanur forest disease and alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus two neglected zoonotic pathogens |
| topic | KFDV AHFV vector distribution human disease animal models pathogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1406 |
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