Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental Remediation
Nanomaterials have attracted much attention over the last decades due to their very different properties compared to those of bulk equivalents, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, the size-dependent optical, physical, and magnetic properties. A number of solution fabrication methods have been d...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-01-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1093 |
| _version_ | 1797487643003453440 |
|---|---|
| author | Carlos Diaz Maria Luisa Valenzuela Miguel Á. Laguna-Bercero |
| author_facet | Carlos Diaz Maria Luisa Valenzuela Miguel Á. Laguna-Bercero |
| author_sort | Carlos Diaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nanomaterials have attracted much attention over the last decades due to their very different properties compared to those of bulk equivalents, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, the size-dependent optical, physical, and magnetic properties. A number of solution fabrication methods have been developed for the synthesis of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, but few solid-state methods have been reported. The application of nanostructured materials to electronic solid-state devices or to high-temperature technology requires, however, adequate solid-state methods for obtaining nanostructured materials. In this review, we discuss some of the main current methods of obtaining nanomaterials in solid state, and also we summarize the obtaining of nanomaterials using a new general method in solid state. This new solid-state method to prepare metals and metallic oxides nanostructures start with the preparation of the macromolecular complexes chitosan·Xn and PS-co-4-PVP·MXn as precursors (X = anion accompanying the cationic metal, n = is the subscript, which indicates the number of anions in the formula of the metal salt and PS-co-4-PVP = poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine)). Then, the solid-state pyrolysis under air and at 800 °C affords nanoparticles of M°, M<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> depending on the nature of the metal. Metallic nanoparticles are obtained for noble metals such as Au, while the respective metal oxide is obtained for transition, representative, and lanthanide metals. Size and morphology depend on the nature of the polymer as well as on the spacing of the metals within the polymeric chain. Noticeably in the case of TiO<sub>2</sub>, anatase or rutile phases can be tuned by the nature of the Ti salts coordinated in the macromolecular polymer. A mechanism for the formation of nanoparticles is outlined on the basis of TG/DSC data. Some applications such as photocatalytic degradation of methylene by different metal oxides obtained by the presented solid-state method are also described. A brief review of the main solid-state methods to prepare nanoparticles is also outlined in the introduction. Some challenges to further development of these materials and methods are finally discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:50:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6e1586551b424bcca8ce1c4a63a8b673 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:50:40Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-6e1586551b424bcca8ce1c4a63a8b6732023-11-23T16:34:51ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-01-01233109310.3390/ijms23031093Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental RemediationCarlos Diaz0Maria Luisa Valenzuela1Miguel Á. Laguna-Bercero2Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Casilla 653, Santiago 7800003, ChileInstituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Procesos Sustentables, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago 8900000, ChileInstituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, SpainNanomaterials have attracted much attention over the last decades due to their very different properties compared to those of bulk equivalents, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, the size-dependent optical, physical, and magnetic properties. A number of solution fabrication methods have been developed for the synthesis of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles, but few solid-state methods have been reported. The application of nanostructured materials to electronic solid-state devices or to high-temperature technology requires, however, adequate solid-state methods for obtaining nanostructured materials. In this review, we discuss some of the main current methods of obtaining nanomaterials in solid state, and also we summarize the obtaining of nanomaterials using a new general method in solid state. This new solid-state method to prepare metals and metallic oxides nanostructures start with the preparation of the macromolecular complexes chitosan·Xn and PS-co-4-PVP·MXn as precursors (X = anion accompanying the cationic metal, n = is the subscript, which indicates the number of anions in the formula of the metal salt and PS-co-4-PVP = poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine)). Then, the solid-state pyrolysis under air and at 800 °C affords nanoparticles of M°, M<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> depending on the nature of the metal. Metallic nanoparticles are obtained for noble metals such as Au, while the respective metal oxide is obtained for transition, representative, and lanthanide metals. Size and morphology depend on the nature of the polymer as well as on the spacing of the metals within the polymeric chain. Noticeably in the case of TiO<sub>2</sub>, anatase or rutile phases can be tuned by the nature of the Ti salts coordinated in the macromolecular polymer. A mechanism for the formation of nanoparticles is outlined on the basis of TG/DSC data. Some applications such as photocatalytic degradation of methylene by different metal oxides obtained by the presented solid-state method are also described. A brief review of the main solid-state methods to prepare nanoparticles is also outlined in the introduction. Some challenges to further development of these materials and methods are finally discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1093metal oxidesnanostructuressolid statephotocatalystambient remediation |
| spellingShingle | Carlos Diaz Maria Luisa Valenzuela Miguel Á. Laguna-Bercero Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental Remediation International Journal of Molecular Sciences metal oxides nanostructures solid state photocatalyst ambient remediation |
| title | Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental Remediation |
| title_full | Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental Remediation |
| title_fullStr | Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental Remediation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental Remediation |
| title_short | Solid-State Preparation of Metal and Metal Oxides Nanostructures and Their Application in Environmental Remediation |
| title_sort | solid state preparation of metal and metal oxides nanostructures and their application in environmental remediation |
| topic | metal oxides nanostructures solid state photocatalyst ambient remediation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1093 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT carlosdiaz solidstatepreparationofmetalandmetaloxidesnanostructuresandtheirapplicationinenvironmentalremediation AT marialuisavalenzuela solidstatepreparationofmetalandmetaloxidesnanostructuresandtheirapplicationinenvironmentalremediation AT miguelalagunabercero solidstatepreparationofmetalandmetaloxidesnanostructuresandtheirapplicationinenvironmentalremediation |