Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012
Background: China’s diet transition might offer guidance to undeveloped countries on the way to prosperity. This report describes the trends and disparities in energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese adults, and between subpopulations. Methods: Data for the current study were obtained fro...
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2168 |
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| author | Zhenni Zhu Xiaoguang Yang Yuehui Fang Jian Zhang Zhenyu Yang Zhu Wang Ailing Liu Li He Jing Sun Yiyao Lian Gangqiang Ding Yuna He |
| author_facet | Zhenni Zhu Xiaoguang Yang Yuehui Fang Jian Zhang Zhenyu Yang Zhu Wang Ailing Liu Li He Jing Sun Yiyao Lian Gangqiang Ding Yuna He |
| author_sort | Zhenni Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: China’s diet transition might offer guidance to undeveloped countries on the way to prosperity. This report describes the trends and disparities in energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese adults, and between subpopulations. Methods: Data for the current study were obtained from the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010–2012 China National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) rounds, which were nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. We applied 24-h dietary recall and food weighing to assess dietary intake. Results: There were 204,877 participants aged 20 years or older included in the current analysis. From 1982 to 2012, the estimated energy intake declined from 2614.7 kcal to 2063.9 kcal. The trend in the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat showed a spike. It increased from 16.3% to 33.1% (1992 vs. 1982 difference, 7.6%; 95% CI 7.4% to 7.7%; 2002 vs. 1992 difference, 7.7%; 95% CI 7.6% to 7.9%; 2012 vs. 2002 difference, 1.6%; 95% CI 1.4% to 1.7%; <i>p</i> < 0.01 for trend). The trends coincided in all the subgroups (all <i>p</i> < 0.01 for trend) except for the subgroup of those educated over 15 years, whose percentage of energy intake from fat declined from 37.4% to 36.6% (2012 vs. 2002 difference, −0.8%; 95% CI −1.6% to 0.0%). The estimated percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates declined from 74.0% to 55.0%. The ranges of the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat, within population subgroups stratified by education level, area and Gross national product (GNP) level, were narrowed. Conclusions: Quick improvements in society and the economy effectively curbed undernutrition, but easily triggered overnutrition. Disparities persistently existed between different subpopulations, while the gaps would narrow if comprehensive efforts were made. Education might be a promising way to prevent overnutrition during prosperous progress. The low-social profile populations require specific interventions so as to avoid further disease burdens. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:18:51Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-6e18880155a148faa20501c27ccae7402023-11-20T07:31:22ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-07-01128216810.3390/nu12082168Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012Zhenni Zhu0Xiaoguang Yang1Yuehui Fang2Jian Zhang3Zhenyu Yang4Zhu Wang5Ailing Liu6Li He7Jing Sun8Yiyao Lian9Gangqiang Ding10Yuna He11National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, ChinaBackground: China’s diet transition might offer guidance to undeveloped countries on the way to prosperity. This report describes the trends and disparities in energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese adults, and between subpopulations. Methods: Data for the current study were obtained from the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010–2012 China National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) rounds, which were nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. We applied 24-h dietary recall and food weighing to assess dietary intake. Results: There were 204,877 participants aged 20 years or older included in the current analysis. From 1982 to 2012, the estimated energy intake declined from 2614.7 kcal to 2063.9 kcal. The trend in the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat showed a spike. It increased from 16.3% to 33.1% (1992 vs. 1982 difference, 7.6%; 95% CI 7.4% to 7.7%; 2002 vs. 1992 difference, 7.7%; 95% CI 7.6% to 7.9%; 2012 vs. 2002 difference, 1.6%; 95% CI 1.4% to 1.7%; <i>p</i> < 0.01 for trend). The trends coincided in all the subgroups (all <i>p</i> < 0.01 for trend) except for the subgroup of those educated over 15 years, whose percentage of energy intake from fat declined from 37.4% to 36.6% (2012 vs. 2002 difference, −0.8%; 95% CI −1.6% to 0.0%). The estimated percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates declined from 74.0% to 55.0%. The ranges of the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat, within population subgroups stratified by education level, area and Gross national product (GNP) level, were narrowed. Conclusions: Quick improvements in society and the economy effectively curbed undernutrition, but easily triggered overnutrition. Disparities persistently existed between different subpopulations, while the gaps would narrow if comprehensive efforts were made. Education might be a promising way to prevent overnutrition during prosperous progress. The low-social profile populations require specific interventions so as to avoid further disease burdens.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2168dietary energymacronutrient compositiontrenddisparitysubpopulation |
| spellingShingle | Zhenni Zhu Xiaoguang Yang Yuehui Fang Jian Zhang Zhenyu Yang Zhu Wang Ailing Liu Li He Jing Sun Yiyao Lian Gangqiang Ding Yuna He Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012 Nutrients dietary energy macronutrient composition trend disparity subpopulation |
| title | Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012 |
| title_full | Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012 |
| title_fullStr | Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012 |
| title_short | Trends and Disparities of Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition in China: A Series of National Surveys, 1982–2012 |
| title_sort | trends and disparities of energy intake and macronutrient composition in china a series of national surveys 1982 2012 |
| topic | dietary energy macronutrient composition trend disparity subpopulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2168 |
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