Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC Analysis
To meet consumer demand for fermented beverages with a wide range of flavors, as well as for quality assurance, it is important to characterize volatiles and their relationships with raw materials, microbial and fermentation processes, and the aging process. Sample preparation techniques coupled wit...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Analytica |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4532/4/3/26 |
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| author | Penghan Zhang Maurizio Piergiovanni Pietro Franceschi Fulvio Mattivi Urska Vrhovsek Silvia Carlin |
| author_facet | Penghan Zhang Maurizio Piergiovanni Pietro Franceschi Fulvio Mattivi Urska Vrhovsek Silvia Carlin |
| author_sort | Penghan Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To meet consumer demand for fermented beverages with a wide range of flavors, as well as for quality assurance, it is important to characterize volatiles and their relationships with raw materials, microbial and fermentation processes, and the aging process. Sample preparation techniques coupled with comprehensive 2D gas chromatography (GC×GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are proven techniques for the identification and quantification of various volatiles in fermented beverages. A few articles discuss the application of GC×GC for the measurement of fermented beverage volatiles and the problems faced in the experimental analysis. This review critically discusses each step of GC×GC-MS workflow in the specific context of fermented beverage volatiles’ research, including the most frequently applied volatile extraction techniques, GC×GC instrument setup, and data handling. The application of novel sampling techniques to shorten preparation times and increase analytical sensitivity is discussed. The pros and cons of thermal and flow modulators are evaluated, and emphasis is given to the use of polar-semipolar configurations to enhance detection limits. The most relevant Design of Experiment (DoE) strategies for GC×GC parameter optimization as well as data processing procedures are reported and discussed. Finally, some consideration of the current state of the art and future perspective, including the crucial role of AI and chemometrics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:07:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6e1bba128e9e4cd1a02e0b6edff00f08 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-4532 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:07:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Analytica |
| spelling | doaj.art-6e1bba128e9e4cd1a02e0b6edff00f082023-11-19T09:13:35ZengMDPI AGAnalytica2673-45322023-08-014334737310.3390/analytica4030026Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC AnalysisPenghan Zhang0Maurizio Piergiovanni1Pietro Franceschi2Fulvio Mattivi3Urska Vrhovsek4Silvia Carlin5Metabolomic Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyCentre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyDepartment of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, ItalyMetabolomic Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyMetabolomic Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyMetabolomic Unit, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Center, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, ItalyTo meet consumer demand for fermented beverages with a wide range of flavors, as well as for quality assurance, it is important to characterize volatiles and their relationships with raw materials, microbial and fermentation processes, and the aging process. Sample preparation techniques coupled with comprehensive 2D gas chromatography (GC×GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are proven techniques for the identification and quantification of various volatiles in fermented beverages. A few articles discuss the application of GC×GC for the measurement of fermented beverage volatiles and the problems faced in the experimental analysis. This review critically discusses each step of GC×GC-MS workflow in the specific context of fermented beverage volatiles’ research, including the most frequently applied volatile extraction techniques, GC×GC instrument setup, and data handling. The application of novel sampling techniques to shorten preparation times and increase analytical sensitivity is discussed. The pros and cons of thermal and flow modulators are evaluated, and emphasis is given to the use of polar-semipolar configurations to enhance detection limits. The most relevant Design of Experiment (DoE) strategies for GC×GC parameter optimization as well as data processing procedures are reported and discussed. Finally, some consideration of the current state of the art and future perspective, including the crucial role of AI and chemometrics.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4532/4/3/26GC×GC-MSVOCdata processing |
| spellingShingle | Penghan Zhang Maurizio Piergiovanni Pietro Franceschi Fulvio Mattivi Urska Vrhovsek Silvia Carlin Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC Analysis Analytica GC×GC-MS VOC data processing |
| title | Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC Analysis |
| title_full | Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC Analysis |
| title_short | Application of Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Beer and Wine VOC Analysis |
| title_sort | application of comprehensive 2d gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in beer and wine voc analysis |
| topic | GC×GC-MS VOC data processing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4532/4/3/26 |
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