Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene
Rwei-Fen S Huang,1,2,* Yi-Jun Wei,1,2,* Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,3 Bing-Huei Chen1,3,4 1Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, 2Department of Nutritional Science, 3Department of Food Science, 4Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors cont...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dove Medical Press
2015-04-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Nanomedicine |
| Online Access: | http://www.dovepress.com/inhibition-of-colon-cancer-cell-growth-by-nanoemulsion-carrying-gold-n-peer-reviewed-article-IJN |
| _version_ | 1819000819221004288 |
|---|---|
| author | Huang RFS Wei YJ Inbaraj BS Chen BH |
| author_facet | Huang RFS Wei YJ Inbaraj BS Chen BH |
| author_sort | Huang RFS |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rwei-Fen S Huang,1,2,* Yi-Jun Wei,1,2,* Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,3 Bing-Huei Chen1,3,4 1Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, 2Department of Nutritional Science, 3Department of Food Science, 4Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Lycopene (LP), an important functional compound in tomatoes, and gold nanoparticles (AN), have received considerable attention as potential candidates for cancer therapy. However, the extreme instability and poor bioavailability of LP limits its in vivo application. This study intends to develop a nanoemulsion system incorporating both LP and AN, and to study the possible synergistic effects on the inhibition of the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. LP–nanogold nanoemulsion containing Tween 80 as an emulsifier was prepared, followed by characterization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. The particle size as determined by TEM and DLS was 21.3±3.7 nm and 25.0±4.2 nm for nanoemulsion and 4.7±1.1 nm and 3.3±0.6 nm for AN, while the zeta potential of nanoemulsion and AN was -32.2±1.8 mV and -48.5±2.7 mV, respectively. Compared with the control treatment, both the combo (AN 10 ppm plus LP 12 µM) and nanoemulsion (AN 0.16 ppm plus LP 0.4 µM) treatments resulted in a five- and 15-fold rise in early apoptotic cells of HT-29, respectively. Also, the nanoemulsion significantly reduced the expressions of procaspases 8, 3, and 9, as well as PARP-1 and Bcl-2, while Bax expression was enhanced. A fivefold decline in the migration capability of HT-29 cells was observed for this nanoemulsion when compared to control, with the invasion-associated markers being significantly reversed through the upregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulation of Akt, nuclear factor kappa B, pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and active MMP-9 expressions. The TEM images revealed that numerous nanoemulsion-filled vacuoles invaded cytosol and converged into the mitochondria, resulting in an abnormally elongated morphology with reduced cristae and matrix contents, demonstrating a possible passive targeting effect. The nanoemulsion containing vacuoles were engulfed and internalized by the nuclear membrane envelop for subsequent invasion into the nucleoli. Taken together, LP–nanogold nanoemulsion could provide synergistic effects at AN and LP doses 250 and 120 times lower than that in the combo treatment, respectively, demonstrating the potential of nanoemulsion developed in this study for a possible application in colon cancer therapy. Keywords: gold–lycopene nanoemulsion, apoptosis, migration, invasion, colon cancer cell HT-29, passive targeting |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T22:39:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6e2cfd840fbe44c5855423dcb8d8ab5d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-2013 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T22:39:22Z |
| publishDate | 2015-04-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Nanomedicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-6e2cfd840fbe44c5855423dcb8d8ab5d2022-12-21T19:24:30ZengDove Medical PressInternational Journal of Nanomedicine1178-20132015-04-012015default2823284621234Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopeneHuang RFSWei YJInbaraj BSChen BHRwei-Fen S Huang,1,2,* Yi-Jun Wei,1,2,* Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,3 Bing-Huei Chen1,3,4 1Graduate Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, 2Department of Nutritional Science, 3Department of Food Science, 4Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, Taiwan *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Lycopene (LP), an important functional compound in tomatoes, and gold nanoparticles (AN), have received considerable attention as potential candidates for cancer therapy. However, the extreme instability and poor bioavailability of LP limits its in vivo application. This study intends to develop a nanoemulsion system incorporating both LP and AN, and to study the possible synergistic effects on the inhibition of the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. LP–nanogold nanoemulsion containing Tween 80 as an emulsifier was prepared, followed by characterization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. The particle size as determined by TEM and DLS was 21.3±3.7 nm and 25.0±4.2 nm for nanoemulsion and 4.7±1.1 nm and 3.3±0.6 nm for AN, while the zeta potential of nanoemulsion and AN was -32.2±1.8 mV and -48.5±2.7 mV, respectively. Compared with the control treatment, both the combo (AN 10 ppm plus LP 12 µM) and nanoemulsion (AN 0.16 ppm plus LP 0.4 µM) treatments resulted in a five- and 15-fold rise in early apoptotic cells of HT-29, respectively. Also, the nanoemulsion significantly reduced the expressions of procaspases 8, 3, and 9, as well as PARP-1 and Bcl-2, while Bax expression was enhanced. A fivefold decline in the migration capability of HT-29 cells was observed for this nanoemulsion when compared to control, with the invasion-associated markers being significantly reversed through the upregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulation of Akt, nuclear factor kappa B, pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and active MMP-9 expressions. The TEM images revealed that numerous nanoemulsion-filled vacuoles invaded cytosol and converged into the mitochondria, resulting in an abnormally elongated morphology with reduced cristae and matrix contents, demonstrating a possible passive targeting effect. The nanoemulsion containing vacuoles were engulfed and internalized by the nuclear membrane envelop for subsequent invasion into the nucleoli. Taken together, LP–nanogold nanoemulsion could provide synergistic effects at AN and LP doses 250 and 120 times lower than that in the combo treatment, respectively, demonstrating the potential of nanoemulsion developed in this study for a possible application in colon cancer therapy. Keywords: gold–lycopene nanoemulsion, apoptosis, migration, invasion, colon cancer cell HT-29, passive targeting http://www.dovepress.com/inhibition-of-colon-cancer-cell-growth-by-nanoemulsion-carrying-gold-n-peer-reviewed-article-IJN |
| spellingShingle | Huang RFS Wei YJ Inbaraj BS Chen BH Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene International Journal of Nanomedicine |
| title | Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene |
| title_full | Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene |
| title_fullStr | Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene |
| title_short | Inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and lycopene |
| title_sort | inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by nanoemulsion carrying gold nanoparticles and nbsp lycopene |
| url | http://www.dovepress.com/inhibition-of-colon-cancer-cell-growth-by-nanoemulsion-carrying-gold-n-peer-reviewed-article-IJN |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT huangrfs inhibitionofcoloncancercellgrowthbynanoemulsioncarryinggoldnanoparticlesandnbsplycopene AT weiyj inhibitionofcoloncancercellgrowthbynanoemulsioncarryinggoldnanoparticlesandnbsplycopene AT inbarajbs inhibitionofcoloncancercellgrowthbynanoemulsioncarryinggoldnanoparticlesandnbsplycopene AT chenbh inhibitionofcoloncancercellgrowthbynanoemulsioncarryinggoldnanoparticlesandnbsplycopene |